Cellular Respiration (from maam)

Question 1

Parts of the mitochondria

Answer 1

• outer membrane
• inner membrane
• intermembrane space
• crista
• matrix

Question 2

• serves as a transport and signaling hub, and harbors numerous metabolic enzymes
• enclosed by the outer and the inner membrane of the mitochondria

Answer 2

intermembrane space

Question 3

• folds within the inner mitochondrial membrane
• increased surface area in which chemical reactions, such as the redox reactions, can take place.

Answer 3

Mitochondrial cristae

Question 4

• site of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, a series of enzymatic reactions initiated by the conversion of pyruvate and fatty acids to acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA).

Answer 4

Mitochondrial matrix

Question 5

Overview of Cellular Respiration

Answer 5

1. Food breakdown
2. Glycolysis
3. Aerobic respiration
4. Fermentation

Question 6

Before food can be converted into ATP, it must be broken down into simpler forms of sugar, lipid, or amino acids

Answer 6

Stage 1: food breakdown

Question 7

The simple molecules from stage 1 must be converted into a intermediate product before it can be converted into ATP.

Answer 7

Stage 2: glycolysis

Question 8

in this step, food is converted into ATP

Answer 8

Stage 3: aerobic respiration

Question 9

in the absence of oxygen, cells undergo this to produce ATP

Answer 9

fermentation

Question 10

Main types of energy-releasing pathways

Answer 10

1. Anaerobic pathways
2. Aerobic pathways

Question 11

• Evolved first
• Don’t require oxygen
• Start with glycolysis in cytoplasm
• Completed in cytoplasm

Answer 11

anaerobic pathways

Question 12

site of anaerobic pathways

Answer 12

cytoplasm

Question 13

• Evolved later
• Require oxygen
• Start with glycolysis in cytoplasm
• Completed in
  mitochondria

Answer 13

aerobic pathways

Question 14

where aerobic pathways are completed

Answer 14

mitochondria

Question 15

where aerobic pathways are started

Answer 15

cytoplasm

Question 16

basic units of proteins

Answer 16

amino acids

Question 17

basic units of polysaccharides

Answer 17

simple sugars

Question 18

basic units of fats

Answer 18

• fatty acid
• glycerol

Question 19

Two stages of glycolysis

Answer 19

1. energy-requiring steps
2. energy-releasing steps

Question 20

ATP energy activates glucose and its six-carbon derivatives

Answer 20

energy-requiring steps

Question 21

• The products of the first part are split into three-carbon pyruvate molecules
• ATP and NADH produced

Answer 21

energy-releasing steps

Question 22

Net energy yield from glycolysis:
energy requiring steps

Answer 22

2 ATP invested

Question 23

Net energy yield from glycolysis:
energy releasing steps

Answer 23

• 2 NADH
• 4 ATP

Question 24

Net yield of glycolysis

Answer 24

• 2 ATP
• 2 NADH

Question 25

Stage 3: Aerobic respiration

Answer 25

1. Kreb cycle 2. Electron transport chain

Question 26

One molecule of glucose is entirely consumed in the process of cellular respiration and converted to

Answer 26

six (6) molecules of CO2

Question 27

Energy of glucose is preserved in

Answer 27

- 4 ATP molecules - 10 NADH electron carriers - 2 FADH2 electron carriers

Question 28

Krebs cycle: The NADH and FADH2 carry their high-energy electrons to the __ __ __

Answer 28

inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 29

Krebs cycle: NADH and FADH2 in the inner mitochondrial membrane transfer the high-energy electrons to a series of membrane-associated carriers - __ __ __

Answer 29

electron transport chain

Question 30

Three of these carriers are __ __ that pump protons __ of the matrix

Answer 30

- protein complexes - out

Question 31

Electron transport chain

Answer 31

1. Protein complex I 2. Protein complex II 3. Protein complex III

Question 32

___ activates all three pumps in the electron transport chain

Answer 32

NADH

Question 33

___ activates only two pumps

Answer 33

FADH2

Question 34

FADH2 activates what pumps

Answer 34

- protein complex II - protein complex III

Question 35

proton pumps lead to an ___ in proton concentration in the intermembrane space

Answer 35

increase

Question 36

The proton gradient induces the protons to reenter the matrix through __ __ __

Answer 36

ATP synthase channels

Question 37

The proton reentry drives the synthesis of ATP by ___

Answer 37

chemiosmosis

Question 38

overview of the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

Answer 38

1. Electrons harvested and carried to transport system 2. Electrons provide energy to pump protons across membrane 3. Oxygen joins with protons to form water 4. Protons diffuse back in, driving synthesis of ATP

Question 39

Typical energy yield of aerobic respiration

Answer 39

36 ATP

Question 40

Overview of Anaerobic Respiration

Answer 40

Pyruvate + NADH2+ -> lactic acid + NAD+ or Pyruvate + NADH2+ -> ethanol + CO2 + NAD+

Question 41

Glycolysis happens where

Answer 41

cytoplasm

Question 42

citric acid cycle happens where

Answer 42

matrix of mitochondria

Question 43

electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation happens where

Answer 43

inner membrane of mitochondria

Question 44

Overview of Aerobic Respiration

Answer 44

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 -> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP (energy)