Tissues and the Primary Growth of Stems Flashcards
(84 cards)
1
Q
Two main divisions of plants
A
- Vascular
- Non-vascular
2
Q
plants with vascular tissues, particularly xylem and phloem for conducting water and integrating food
A
vascular plants (tracheophytes)
3
Q
lac specialized vascular system for transporting water and nutrients
A
non-vascular plants (mosses sensu lato)
4
Q
Two divisions of vascular plants
A
- Seed plants (Spermatophytes)
- Pteridophytes (Ferns sensu lato)
5
Q
Two types of seed plants
A
- Gymnosperms
- Magnoliophyta (Angiosperms)
6
Q
flowering plants and have seeds enclosed within their fruit
A
angiosperms
7
Q
have no flower or fruits and have naked seeds on the surface of their leaves
A
gymnosperm
8
Q
gymnosperm seeds are configured as __
A
cones
9
Q
Characteristics of non-vascular plants
A
- can be found in walls
- do not increase in size
- may spread
- get their nutrients through diffusion
10
Q
vascular plants that disperses spores
A
Pteridophyte
11
Q
- cells that divide for life of plant
- can give rise to all plant structures
A
Meristems
12
Q
- epidermal hair
- a major function of it is to be in plant defense
A
trichome
13
Q
single cotyledon
A
Monocots
14
Q
two cotyledon
A
Dicots
15
Q
narrow long leaf, parallel veins
A
Monocots
16
Q
flower parts in multiples of three
A
Monocots
17
Q
fibrous roots
A
Monocots
18
Q
broad leaf, network of veins
A
Dicots
19
Q
ring of vascular bundles
A
Dicots
20
Q
has main roots, extensions of roots
A
Dicots
21
Q
Two (2) types of Plant Body
A
- Primary Plant Body
- Secondary Plant Body
22
Q
derived from shoot and root apical meristems
A
Primary Plant Body
23
Q
composed of primary issues
A
Primary Plant Body
24
Q
constitutes the herbaceous parts of a plant
A
Primary Plant Body
25
derived from meristems other than apical meristems
Secondary Plant Body
26
composed of secondary tissues
Secondary Plant Body
27
What are the secondary tissues?
wood, bark
28
Where can the primary tissues be found in woody plants?
Shoot, root
29
- region of cells capable of division and growth in the root and shoot tips in plants
- increase in height
Apical Meristems
30
- found in plants that exhibit secondary growth
- give rise to secondary tissues
- cylinders within the plant body
Lateral meristem
31
Two (2) types of Lateral meristem
1. Cork Cambium
2. Vascular Cambium
32
- produces the cork and the secondary cortex
- develops from the secondary lateral meristem
Cork cambium
33
- produces secondary xylem and secondary phloem
- develops from the apical meristem
Vascular cambium
34
Three (3) Basic Types of Plant Cells and Tissues
1. Parenchyma
2. Collenchyma
3. Sclerenchyma
35
thin, primary walls
Parenchyma
36
typically alive at maturity
Parenchyma and Collenchyma
37
has many functions
Parenchyma
38
unevenly thicken primary walls
Collenchyma
39
provide plastic support
Collenchyma
40
not abundant
Collenchyma
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primary walls plus secondary walls
Sclerenchyma
42
many dead at maturity
Sclerenchyma
43
provide elastic support and some (tracheary elements) are involved in water transport
Sclerenchyma
44
Three (3) types of parenchyma
1. Chlorenchyma
2. Glandular cells
3. Transfer cells
45
- cells that are capable of performing photosynthesis
- many guard cells
Chlorenchyma
46
capable of producing nectar and resin
Glandular cells
47
- specialized parenchyma cells
- facilitate the transport of sugars from a sugar source, mainly mature leaves, to a sugar sink, often developing leaves or fruits
Transfer cells
48
- typically found at elongating shoot tips
- absent in developing roots
Collenchyma
49
- mature cells
- undergo lignification
Sclerenchyma
50
enhance plant cell wall rigidity, hydrophobic properties and promotes minerals transport through the vascular bundles in plant
Lignin
51
Two (2) types of Sclerenchyma
1. Mechanical (non-conducting) sclerenchyma
2. Conducting sclerenchyma
52
- typically cuboidal
- sclereids
- fibers
Mechanical (non-conducting) sclerenchyma
53
- more or less isodiametric
- often dead at maturity
Sclereids
54
- long
- many types are dead, other types remain alive and involved in storage
Fibers
55
- transport of materials (minerals)
- Tracheids
- Vessel Elements
Conducting sclerenchyma (tracheary elements)
56
- long and narrow with tapered ends
- contain no perforations
- dead at maturity
- found in all vascular plants
Tracheids
57
- short and wide with rather perpendicular end walls
- must contain one or two perforations
- dead at maturity
- found in almost exclusively in flowering plants
Vessel Elements
58
Location of Parenchyma
stem, root, leaves, flowers, fruits widely distributed
59
Location of Collenchyma
below the epidermis
60
Location of Sclerenchyma
outermost boundaries of plant parts, cortex, pith, hard seeds etc.
61
Function of Parenchyma
- stores and assimilates food
- provides mechanical support (turgidity)
- store waste products like tannin, gum, resins, etc.
62
Function of Collenchyma
- provides mechanical support and elasticity
- manufacture sugar and starch
63
Function of Sclerenchyma
provides mechanical support
64
bud located at the apex of the stem where most of the plant growth occurs
Terminal Bud
65
sprout that develops in the axil of a plant, which is the angle formed by the upper side of the stem and an outgrowing leaf or a branch
Axillary Bud
66
location on a stem where the leaves or branches are attached
Node
67
interval or part between two nodes of a stem
Internode
68
acute angle between a vine shoot and a leaf stem or petiole extending from the shoot
Leaf axil
69
Mark left by a leaf after it falls off the twig
Leaf scar
70
how leaves are arranged on the stem
Phyllotaxy
71
Five (5) arrangements of phyllotaxy
1. Alternate
2. Opposite
3. Decussate
4. Whorled
5. Spiral
72
stem + leaves, flowers or buds that may be present
Shoot
73
a slender whiplike or threadlike strand, produced usually from the node of a stem, by which a vine or other plant may climb
Stem tendrils
74
slender stem that grows horizontally along the ground, giving rise to roots and aerial (vertical) branches at specialized points called nodes
Runner
75
fleshy underground stems
Rhizomes
76
Example of a rhizome
ginger
77
- modified stem that is the resting stage of certain seed plant
- consists of a relatively large, usually globe-shaped, underground bud with membranous or fleshy overlapping leaves arising from a short stem
bulb
78
flattened stem
Cladophyll
79
enlarged underground stems that store nutrients, surrounded by papery outer layers
Corm
80
underground stem in which the stem tissue serves as the primary storage tissue, but has no basal plate
Tuber
81
Arrangement of primary tissues
function is related to tis structure
82
In order to function properly, a tissue must _____. In order to function properly, the tissues of an organ must _____.
- Must contain the right cells in the proper arrangement.
- must be arranged correctly
83
microscopic pores on the lower epidermis of the leaf
stomata
84
pairs of epidermal cells that control gas diffusion by regulating the opening and closure of stomatal pores
Guard cells
