Transport Process Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
Plant Basic Types of Transport
A
- Short-distance transport
- Long-distance transport
2
Q
- transfer basic nutrient, cells that have them to cells that need them
- it is necessary to survival of internal plants.
A
short-distance transport
3
Q
- transport between nonadjacent cell
- absolutely not essential in construction of large plants
- it is adaptive especially for land plants
A
long-distance transport
4
Q
- makes selectively advantageous for shoot to grow upward
- mechanism by which nutrients are channeled to specific sites.
A
vascular tissue
5
Q
this is related to transport processes that inhibit movement of substances
A
isolation mechanism
6
Q
Three (3) types of membrane
A
- Free permeable membrane
- Completely permeable membrane
- Differentially/ Selective permeable membrane
7
Q
Allows all solutes to diffuse through and have little biological significance
A
free permeable membrane
8
Q
does not allow anything to pass through and occur as isolation barrier
A
completely impermeable membrane
9
Q
allow only certain substance to pass through
A
differentially/ selective permeable membrane
10
Q
all __ __ cell membranes are differentially permeable
A
lipid/protein
11
Q
- Simplest Method movement of particles in solution
- High concentration to Low concentration
A
diffusion
12
Q
- Diffusion of water through membrane.
A
osmosis
13
Q
allows the water molecule movement to rapidly move
A
aquaporins
14
Q
uses membrane bound molecule called MOLECULAR PUMPS that use energy of ATP to force molecule across the membrane
A
active transport
15
Q
what is used in active transport
A
molecular pumps
16
Q
is a free energy, has capacity to do work
A
water
17
Q
capacity to do works for chemicals
A
chemical potential
18
Q
When water adheres to substance, water molecules form __ __ to the material and are not as free to diffuse; capacity to work is __
A
- hydrogen bonds
- decreased
19
Q
is the water’s chemical potential
A
water potential
20
Q
water potential can be increased by;
A
- heat
- pressure
- elevation
21
Q
three components of water potential
A
- osmotic potential
- pressure potential
- matric potential
22
Q
ψπ
A
osmotic potential
23
Q
ψp
A
pressure potential
24
Q
ψm
A
matric potential
25
ψ
water potential
26
effect that pressure has on water potential
pressure potential
27
effect that solutes have on water potential
osmotic potential
28
water’s adhesion to non-dissolved structures such as cell walls, membranes, and soil particles
matric potential
29
ψ = ?
(formula)
ψπ + ψp + ψm
30
ψπ:
__ for pure water, __ for all solutions
- 0.0
- negative
31
ψp:
can be either __ or __
- positive
- negative
32
ψm:
always __ and usually insignificant except for relatively __ materials
- negative
- dry
33
ψ:
for living cells, always __ or __
- 0.0
- negative
34
movement of water is related to __ __
water potential
35
water moves from regions where water potential is relatively __ to regions where water potential is relatively more __
from positive to negative
36
Water moves whenever there is a __ in water potential within the mass of water
difference
37
If the water potentials of two regions are equal, the regions are in __
equilibrium
38
Water potentials must always be considered in __ _ __
pair or groups
39
water can move between regions in the plant if the water potentials of the regions are __ __
not equal
40
Knowing one single water potential __ __ __ us to predict whether water will move
does not allow
41
To transport various materials such as water, sugars, minerals, and hormones, most plant cells communicate with their __ __
neighboring cells
42
short-distance intercellular transport cells
- guard cells
- motor cells
- transfer cells
43
fine cytoplasmic channel that pass through primary cell walls which interconnects living cells
Plasmodesmata
44
One continuous mass of all the protoplasm of one plant
symplast
45
other ways of material transport across the plasma membrane
- osmosis
- molecular pumps between plasma membrane
- fusion between transport vesicle and plasma membrane
46
- refers to both the wall and intercellular spaces wherein most molecules can move through easily
- large, mostly intercellular space where molecules usually move towards the surface of the glands
- mostly cell walls among the nonglandular regions.
apoplast
47
are pairs of epidermal cells that control gas diffusion by regulating the opening and closure of stomatal pores
guard cells
48
At night: Guard Cells are __ and have __ __ __. Guard cells and adjacent cells are in __ __
- shrunken
- little internal pressure
- hydraulic equilibrium
49
At sunrise: __ is pumped into guard cells, raising __ __
- potassium
- solute concentration
50
At morning: Osmotic potential and water potential become __ __, and water flows in, causing guard cells to __ _ __ the pore
- more negative
- swell and open
51
At morning : As pressure builds, pressure potential __, counteracting the falling __ __
- rises
- osmotic potential
52
- Bulliform cells
- large colorless cells that are present close to the mid-rib in the upper surface of many monocot leaves
motor cells
53
motor cell are also known as
Bulliform cells
54
- assist in the rolling of leaves to avoid water loss through transpiration
- govern the process of transpiration
- unfold the leaves when the conditions are right
bulliform cells or motor cells
55
move slowly and reorient themselves
sensitive plant (Mimosa pudica)
56
leaf can close rapidly, in less than a second
venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula)
57
sensitive plant
Mimosa pudica
58
venus flytrap
Dioinaea muscipula
59
Motor cells are similar to guard cells because they accumulate or expel __ and adjust their water __ and __
- potassium
- potential and turgidity
60
- involved in delivery of nutrients between generations and in the development of reproductive organs
- facilitate the exchange of nutrients that characterize symbiotic associations
- occur across all taxonomic groups in higher plants and also in algae and fungi.
Transfer cells
61
The rate at which the materials can be transported depends on the __ __ present
molecular pumps
62
The __ the membrane, the __ molecular pumps it can hold
- larger
- more
63
Specialized transfer cells:
WALLS
- __ on the outer surface
- __ and __ on the inner surface
- smooth on outer
- finger-like and ridge-like on inner
64
Specialized transfer cells:
PLASMA MEMBRANE
- __ __ against all of the convolutions; has a larger surface area if the walls are __
- pressed firmly
- flat
65
transfer cells with cell wall ingrowths
companion cells
66
Transfer cells are found in:
1. where rapid short distance occur
2. glands secreting salts
3. areas that pass nutrients to embryos
4. where sugar is loaded in or out of phloem
67
long distance transport
- phloem
- xylem
68
locations from which nutrients and water are transported
Sources
69
example of main sources
leaves
70
diverse locations where phloem sap is transported
Sinks
71
area of the plant where the substrate can be kept is referred to as the __
sink
72
actual volume of sugars and other nutrients that phloem transports per hour, excluding water
mass transfer
73
Mass transfer divided by the phloem's cross-sectional area to get the
specific mass transfer
74
__ __ __ of phloem, which are living cells, are used for long-distance transport
sieve tube cells
75
used to load phloem because conducting-cell plasma membranes are permeable to monosaccharides and not to polysaccharides, but to disaccharides
polymer trap mechanism
76
phloem sap is under pressure, there is a risk of __
bleeding
77
Two mechanisms that seal broken sieve elements
1. P-protein
2. Callose
78
congeals into a tangled mess in the direction of the break
p-protein
79
formed when p-protein is congealed
p-protein plug
80
serves as a temporary cell wall in response to stress or damage
callose
81
type of tissue in vascular plants that transports water and some nutrients from the roots to the leaves
Xylem
82
long cells that help transport xylem sap and also provide structural support
Tracheids
83
shorter than tracheids, but also help conduct water
Vessel Element
84
connects each vessel element to form one continuous vessel
Perforation plate
85
a tissue that makes up most of the soft parts of the plans, and long fibers that helps support the pant.
Parenchyma Cell
86
Water is an essential nutrient for plants and comprises up to __ of plant's tissue
95%
87
Properties of water
- adhesive
- cohesive
88
water molecules stick to other substances
adhesive
89
water molecules strongly bind to each other
cohesive
90
- The most widely accepted model of how water is transported through xylem
- essentially combines the process of capillary action with transpiration, or the evaporation of water from the plant stomata
cohesion-tension hypothesis
91
Three stages of cohesion-tension model
1. transpiration
2. tension
3. cohesion
92
- occurs because stomata are open to allow gas exchange for photosynthesis
- deepens the meniscus of the water in the leaf, creating negative pressure (tension or action)
transpiration (evaporation)
93
- created by the transpiration "pulls" water in the plant xylem
- drawing water upward in much the same way you draw water upward when you suck on a straw
tension
94
water sticking to each other, causes more water molecules to fill the gap in the xylem as the top most water is pulled through stomata.
cohesion
95
For every __ of height, leaf water potential must be at least __ __ __ than water potential.
- 10 meters
- 0.1MPa more negative
96
plants where gravity assist water movement
pendent epiphytes
97
loss of water vapors through stomata surrounded by specialized guard cells. 90% of total water loss from plants through transpiration process
stomatal transpiration
98
Mechanism of stomatal transpiration
1. osmotic diffusion
2. opening and closing of stomata
3. simple diffusion of water vapor
99
primarily caused by a water deficit, such as a drought or high soil salinity
Water stress
100
release of abscisic acid
leaves dehydration
