Tissues and the Primary Growth of Stems Flashcards
(149 cards)
1
Q
leaves + stem
A
shoot system
2
Q
- cells that divide for life of plant
- can give rise to all plant structures
A
Meristem
3
Q
Two main divisions of plants
A
- Vascular
- Non-vascular
4
Q
plants with vascular tissues, particularly xylem and phloem for conducting water and integrating food
A
vascular plants (tracheophytes)
5
Q
lack specialized vascular system for transporting water and nutrients
A
non-vascular plants (mosses sensu lato)
6
Q
Two divisions of vascular plants
A
- Seed plants (spermatophytes)
- Pteridophytes (ferns sensu lato)
7
Q
Two types of seed plants
A
- Gymnosperms
- Magnoliophyta (Angiosperms)
8
Q
flowering plants and have seeds enclosed within their fruit
A
angiosperms
9
Q
have no flower or fruits and have naked seeds on the surface of their leaves
A
gymnosperm
10
Q
gymnosperm seeds are configured as __
A
cones
11
Q
Characteristics of non-vascular plants
A
- can be found in walls
- do not increase in size
- may spread
- get their nutrients through diffusion
12
Q
vascular plants that disperses spores
A
Pteridophyte
13
Q
- epidermal hair
- a major function of it is to be in plant defense
A
trichome
14
Q
single cotyledon
A
monocots
15
Q
two cotyledon
A
dicots
16
Q
- narrow long leaf
- parallel veins
A
monocot
17
Q
- broad leaf
- network of veins
A
dicots
18
Q
vascular bundles scattered
A
monocots
19
Q
ring of vascular bundles
A
dicots
20
Q
flower parts in multiples of three
A
monocots
21
Q
flower parts in multiples of five (or four)
A
dicots
22
Q
fibrous root
A
monocot
23
Q
taproot
A
dicot
24
Q
Two Types of Plant Body
A
- Primary Plant Body
- Secondary Plant Body
25
derived from shoot and root apical meristems
primary plant body
26
composed of primary tissues
primary plant body
27
constitutes the herbaceous parts of a plant
primary plant body
28
derived from meristems other than apical meristems
secondary plant body
29
composed of secondary tissues
secondary plant body
30
what are the secondary tissues
wood and bark
31
constitutes the woody, bark-covered parts of a plant
secondary plant body
32
a woody plant has primary tissues as its __ and __
shoot and root
33
a strand of specialized vascular tissue of higher plants consisting mostly of xylem and phloem
vascular bundle
34
where is xylem located in a dicot
inner
35
where is phloem located in a dicot
outer
36
ground tissue towards the interior of the vascular tissue in a stem or root
pith
37
the layer of tissue between the vascular tissue and the epidermis
cortex
38
what is pith made of
undifferentiated parenchyma
39
Secondary plant body increses __
girth
40
are found in plants that exhibit secondary growth
lateral meristems
41
lateral meristems give rise to ___ ___ which are collectively called __ __ __
- secondary tissues
- called secondary plant body
42
Two types of woody plants
1. Cork cambium
2. Vascular cambium
43
outer bark
cork cambium
44
2 vascular tissue
vascular cambium
45
What causes plant growth
division of meristem cells
46
May be found in the lateral and terminal bud and roots
apical meristem
47
- cylinders within plant body
- increase in width
lateral meristem
48
thin primary walls
parenchyma
49
typically alive at maturity
parenchyma, collenchyma
50
many functions
parenchyma
51
unevenly thickened primary walls
collenchyma
52
provide plastic support
collenchyma
53
primary walls + secondary walls
sclerenchyma
54
many dead at maturity
sclerenchyma
55
provide plastic support and some (tracheary elements) are involved in water transport
sclerenchyma
56
- cells that are capable of performing photosynthesis
- many guard cells
chlorenchyma
57
capable of producing nectar and resin
Glandular cells
58
specialized parenchyma cells that facilitate the transport of sugars from a sugar source, mainly mature leaves, to a sugar sink, often developing leaves or fruits
transfer cells
59
- typically found at elongating shoot tips
- absent in developing roots
Collenchyma
60
- mature cells
- undergo lignification
Sclerenchyma
61
enhance plant cell wall rigidity, hydrophobic properties and promotes minerals transport through the vascular bundles in plant
Lignin
62
nonconducting sclerenchyma
mechanical sclerenchyma
63
tracheary elements
conducting sclerenchyma
64
Two types of mechanical sclerenchyma
1. sclereids
2. fibers
65
- more or less isodiametric
- often dead at maturity
sclereids
66
- long
- many types are dead, other types remain alive and involved in storage
fibers
67
Two types of conducting sclerenchyma
1. tracheids
2. vessel elements
68
- long and narrow with tapered ends
- contain no perforations
- dead at maturity
- found in all vascular plants
tracheids
69
- short and wide with rather perpendicular end walls
- must contain one or two perforations
- dead at maturity
- found almost exclusively in flowering plants
vessel elements
70
how many perforations are there in tracheids
none
71
how many perforations are there in vessel elements
must contain one or two perforations
72
among nonflowering plants, only ferns, horsetails and gymnosperms have __
vessels
73
It transports sugars and other items
phloem
74
in angiosperms, ___ ___ contain the sugar solution and are surrounded by various support cells
sieve-tube elements
75
mainly consists of dead cells that have primary and secondary cell walls which provide support
sclerenchyma
76
cavities present inside the cell
lumen
77
also function in support though they are living
collenchyma
78
unspecialized cells that carry out most of a plant's metabolism
parenchyma
79
parenchyma cells with chloroplasts
chlorenchyma
80
transports water and minerals
xylem
81
How do xylem transport water and minerals
through vessel elements and tracheids
82
In pits, the secondary wall is __ or __, allowing water to flow laterally
thin or missing
83
Location of Parenchyma
- stem
- root
- leaves
- flowers
- fruits widely distributed
84
Location of Collenchyma
below the epidermis
85
Location of Sclerenchyma
outermost boundaries of plant parts, cortex, pith, hard seeds etc.
86
Function of Parenchyma
- stores and assimilates food
- provides mechanical support (turgidity)
- store waste products like tannin, gum, resins, etc.
87
Function of Collenchyma
- provides mechanical support and elasticity
- manufacture sugar and starch
88
Function of Sclerenchyma
provides mechanical support
89
bud located at the apex of the stem where most of the plant growth occurs
Terminal Bud
90
sprout that develops in the axil of a plant, which is the angle formed by the upper side of the stem and an outgrowing leaf or a branch
Axillary Bud
91
location on a stem where the leaves or branches are attached
Node
92
interval or part between two nodes of a stem
Internode
93
acute angle between a vine shoot and a leaf stem or petiole extending from the shoot
Leaf axil
94
Mark left by a leaf after it falls off the twig
Leaf scar
95
how leaves are arranged on the stem
Phyllotaxy
96
Five (5) arrangements of phyllotaxy
1. Alternate
2. Opposite
3. Decussate
4. Whorled
5. Spiral
97
a slender whiplike or threadlike strand, produced usually from the node of a stem, by which a vine or other plant may climb
Stem tendrils
98
slender stem that grows horizontally along the ground, giving rise to roots and aerial (vertical) branches at specialized points called nodes
Runner
99
fleshy underground stems
Rhizomes
100
Example of a rhizome
ginger
101
- modified stem that is the resting stage of certain seed plant
- consists of a relatively large, usually globe-shaped, underground bud with membranous or fleshy overlapping leaves arising from a short stem
bulb
102
flattened stem
Cladophyll
103
enlarged underground stems that store nutrients, surrounded by papery outer layers
Corm
104
underground stem in which the stem tissue serves as the primary storage tissue, but has no basal plate
Tuber
105
Arrangement of primary tissues
function is related to its structure
106
In order to function properly, a tissue must _____. In order to function properly, the tissues of an organ must _____.
- Must contain the right cells in the proper arrangement.
- must be arranged correctly
107
microscopic pores on the lower epidermis of the leaf
stomata
108
pairs of epidermal cells that control gas diffusion by regulating the opening and closure of stomatal pores
Guard cells
109
Guard cells swollen
stoma opening
110
Guard cells shrunken
stoma closing
111
epidermal cells that elongated outwards
trichomes
112
chemical of collenchyma
pectin
113
special property of pectin
plasticity
114
chemical of sclerenchyma
lignin
115
chemical of epidermis
cutin/waxes
116
chemical of endodermis
- suberin
- lignin
117
chemical of cork (in bark)
suberin
118
special property of lignin
- strength
- waterproofing
119
special property of cutin/waxes
- waterproofing
- indigestible by bacteria, fungi, animals
120
special property of suberin
waterproofing
121
__ coat around __ fibers
hemicellulose coat around cellulose fibers
122
shape of tracheids
- long/narrow
- ends pointed
123
shape of vessel elements
- short/wide
- ends usually flat
124
secondary wall of tracheids
- annular
- scalariform
- helical
- reticulate
- circulate
- bordered pits
125
secondary wall of vessel elements
- annular
- scalariform
- helical
- reticulate
- circular border
- pits
126
perforations of tracheids
none
127
perforations of vessel elements
- usually two:
one in each end wall
- terminate members with only one
128
shape of sieve cells
- long/narrow
- ends pointed
129
shape of sieve tube members
- short/wide
- ends usually flat
130
sieve areas of sieve cells
- small
- located over all the cell surface
131
sieve areas of sieve tube members
- on side walls
- small on end walls
- very large end wall is sieve plate
132
associated cells in sieve cells
albuminous cells
133
associated cells in sieve tube members
companion cells
134
plant division in sieve cells
all non-angiosperm vascular plants
135
plant division in sieve tube members
- angiosperms only
- some relictual angiosperms
136
Three Types of Plant Tissues
1. Vascular Tissue
2. Ground Tissue
3. Dermal Tissue
137
Vascular Tissue
- transport
- support
138
Ground Tissue
- synthesis of sugars
- storage
- support
139
Dermal Tissue
- protection
140
Vascular bundles are described as ___
Collateral (Xylem and Phloem are tandem)
141
First root
Radicle
142
Apical meristem divides to form, three meristematic regions
1. Protoderm
2. Procambium
3. Ground meristem
143
Protoderm give rise to ___
Dermal tissue
144
Procambium / pro-vascular tissue give rise to ___
Primary xylem and phloem
145
Ground meristem give rise to ___
Pith and cortex
146
Protoxylem (matures) --> _____
metaxylem
147
Metaxylem gives rise to ___ and ___
Tracheids and vessel elements
148
Protophloem (matures) --> ____
Metaphloem
149
Metaphloem give rise to ___ and ___
Sieve tube and sieve cells
