Cell Structures Flashcards
1
Q
cell shape of dividing shoot or root
A
cube
2
Q
shape of epidermal cell of lily (Lilium)
A
flat, paving stone
3
Q
shape of photosynthetic cell leaf of pear
A
short cylinder
4
Q
shape of water-conducting vessel cell in oak
A
short cylinder
5
Q
shape of fiber cell in hem
A
long cylinder
6
Q
- cell division
- produce new protoplasm
A
cells of shoot/root tips
7
Q
- water retention
- cutin and wax are barriers against fungi and insects
A
epidermis
8
Q
protection: produce poisons that inhibit animals from harming plants
A
epidermal gland
9
Q
collect solar energy by photosynthesis
A
green leaf cells
10
Q
collect water and minerals
A
root epidermal cells
11
Q
transport water, minerals, and organic molecules
A
vascular cells
12
Q
- petal cells
- scent cells
- nectar cells
- stamen cells
- carpel cells
- fruit cells
A
flower cells
13
Q
pigments that attract pollinators
A
petal cells
14
Q
fragrances that attract pollinators
A
scent cells
15
Q
sugars that attract pollinators
A
nectar cells
16
Q
indirectly involved in producing sperm cells
A
stamen cells
17
Q
indirectly involved in producing egg cells
A
carpel cells
18
Q
produce sugars aromas, flavorful compounds that attract fruit-eating/seed-dispersing animals
A
fruit cells
19
Q
describes the cell membrane as tapestry of several types of molecules (phospholipids, cholesterols, and proteins) that are constantly moving
A
fluid mosaic model
20
Q
separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment
A
plasma membrane
21
Q
contents of the plasma membrane
A
40% phospholipids
60% proteins
<8% carbohydrates
22
Q
Properties of membrane
A
- Growth
- Permeability
- Dynamic
23
Q
Transmembrane movement
A
- Exocytosis
- Endocytosis
- Impermeable membrane
- Freely permeable membrane
- Selectively permeable
- Facilitated diffusion
- Active transport
24
Q
Composition of protoplasm
A
water, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins
25
double-membraned organelle that contains the genetic material and other instruction required for cellular processes
Nucleus
26
- membrane that covers the nucleus
- double membrane with pores
nuclear envelope
27
DNA and proteins
chromatin
28
chromatin and ribosomal subunits
nucleolus
29
semifluid medium inside the nucleus
nucleoplasm
30
Plant Cell Wall Structure
1. Middle Lamella
2. Primary Cell Wall
3. Plasma Membrane
31
a cementing layer between the primary walls of adjacent cells
middle lamella
32
Difference between organelles in animal and plant cells
Centrioles (only in animal)
Chloroplasts (only in plant)
33
membranous sacs in the cells that store substances
Vacuoles (large)
Vesicles (small)
34
compartmentalized functions within the cell
organelles
35
Function of vacuoles and vesicles
- regulation of protoplasmic calcium level
- storage of metabolic waste
36
- found in both plants and animals
- bounded by a double membrane surrounding fluid-filled matrix
- carry out numerous metabolic processes related with the generation of energy for cellular functions and the synthesis and degradation of several compounds
mitochondria
37
- inner membranes of mitochondria
- increase surface area
crista
38
contains enzymes that break down carbohydrates
matrix
39
house protein complexes that produce ATP
crista
40
- group of dynamic organelles
- able to perform many metabolic functions such as synthesis, storage, and export of specialized lipid molecules
- bounded by two membrane enclosing a fluid
plastids
41
storage of carbohydrates and iron
plastids
42
Group of dynamic organelles that is responsible for formation of colors in flowers and fruits
plastids
43
fluid-filled __ that contains enzymes
stroma
44
houses chlorophyll
thylakoids
45
absorbs solar energy
chlorophyll
46
coin-shaped stack of thylakoids
granum
47
comprised of photosynthetic proteins, starch grains, DNA, and ribosomes
stroma
48
- store starch
- considered to be leucoplasts
amyoplasts
49
carry out photosynthesis
chloroplasts
50
- contain abundant colored lipids
- found in flowers and fruits
chromoplasts
51
- specific stage in the transformation of proplastids to chloroplasts
- occur when tissues are grown without light
etioplasts
52
- colorless plastids
- synthesis lipids and other materials
leucoplasts
53
- small, undifferentiated plastids
proplastids
54
pigment droplets in chromoplast
plastoglobuli
55
where protein synthesis occurs
ribosomes
56
composition of ribosomes
complex aggregates of 3 molecules of RNA and proteins
57
Ribosomes can be found ____, ____, or ____
alone in the cytoplasm, in groups, or attached to the ER
58
groups of ribosomes
polyribosomes
59
where are ribosomes attached
endoplasmic reticulum
60
The Endomembrane System
1. Nuclear Envelope
2. Endoplasmic reticulum
3. Golgi apparatus
4. Vesicles
61
system of membranous channels and saccules
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
62
- studded with ribosomes
- site of protein synthesis and processing
Rough ER
63
- lacks ribosomes
- site of synthesis of phospholipids
- site of packaging proteins into vesicles
Smooth ER
64
- stack of curved saccules
- receives protein
- lipid-filled vesicles from the ER
Golgi apparatus
65
other term for Golgi apparatus
dictyosomes
66
What does the Golgi apparatus do to the received lipid-filled vesicles
packages, processes, and distributes them within the cell
67
organelle may also be involved in secretion
Golgi apparatus
68
a flattened membrane vesicle found in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus
cisterna
69
where new cisternae are added
forming face
70
cisternae are swollen and secretory vesicles are shed.
mature face
71
- numerous small spherical bodies
- produces or uses the dangerous compound hydrogen peroxide
microbodies
72
- vesicles that contain enzymes involved in detoxifying certain by-products of photosynthesis
- closely associated with chloroplast
peroxisomes
73
- involved in converting stored fats into sugars
- important organelle during germination of fat-rich, oily seeds
glyoxysomes
74
- clear substance found in the cytoplasm
- comprises of fluid and structured organelles
cytosol
75
structureless fluid in the cytoplasm
hyaloplasm
76
Subunits of the cell
- Cell Wall
- Protoplasm
- nucleus
- vacuole
- cytoplasm
- all remaining organelles
- cytosol
77
network of filaments and tubules that extends from the nucleus to the plasma membrane
cytoskeleton
78
What are the functions of the three types of elements in the cytoskeleton
- responsible for cell shape
- movement within the cell
- movement of the cell
79
What are the three types of elements in the cytoskeleton
1. Microfilaments
2. Intermediate filaments
3. Microtubules
80
small hollow cylinders made of globular protein
microtubules
81
globular protein that makes microtubules
tubulin
82
- controls microtubule assembly
- microtubule organizing center
centromere
83
Function of microtubule
- helps maintain cell shape
- acts as tracks along which organelles can move
84
ropelike assemblies of fibrous polypeptides that support the plasma membrane and nuclear envelope
intermediate filaments
85
Function of intermediate filaments
provides scaffold to organize internal structure of cells
86
occur in bundles or mesh-like networks
microfilaments
87
What construct the microfilaments
bundle of actin filaments
88
Role of actin filaments
structure and movement
89
What drives cytoplasmic streaming
actin-myosin interactions
90
ATP-dependent motor proteins that can generate force and displacement along microtubules
kinesin
91
- formed from inert secretion providing strength and protection to protoplasm inside
- where considerable metabolism occurs
cell wall
92
Cell wall is consist of __, __, and __
Cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin substance
93
Difference between fungal and plant cells
1. Fungal cells do not contain plastids of any type
2. Fungal cell walls contain chitin, not cellulose
94
cytoplasmic channel for intercellular communication
plasmodesmata
95
form a barrier to the apoplastic flux, forcing ions to pass through the selectively permeable plasma membrane into the cytoplasm, rather than move along the cell wall
Casparian strip
96
all protoplasm within a single plant
symplast
97
intercellular space + cell wall
apoplast
98
apoplast + symplast
entire plant
99
the inner part of the plasma membrane, which plays a vital role in transporting or free movement of water and other low-molecular-weight solutes such as sugars, amino acids, and other ions in between cells
Symplast
