Cellular Respiration Flashcards
1
Q
Types of Respiration
A
- Aerobic respiration
- Anaerobic respiration
- Heat-generating respiration
- Pentose phosphate pathway
- Respiration of Lipids
- Photorespiration
2
Q
process that breaks down complex carbon compounds into simpler molecules and simultaneously generates the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) used to power other metabolic processes.
A
Respiration
3
Q
Carbon oxidation state goes from ___ to ___ as electrons are removed by NAD+, which is converted to NADH in the process
A
+0 to +4
4
Q
What removes the electrons from carbon
A
NAD+
5
Q
- without air
- type of cellular respiration that does not use oxygen to produce energy
A
Anaerobic Respiration
6
Q
- anaerobic process in which energy can be released from glucose even if oxygen is not available
A
Fermentation
7
Q
Types of Fermentation
A
- Alcoholic fermentation
- Lactic acid fermentation
8
Q
- also referred to as ethanol fermentation
- occurs in plants and yeast
- Yeast cells perform this type of fermentation that produces the alcohol we drink like beer and wine
A
Alcoholic fermentation
9
Q
where alcoholic fermentation occurs
A
- plants
- yeast
10
Q
- occurs in animals and humans
- produces lactic acid (lactate)
- used to preserve dairy products, vegetables, and meat
A
Lactic acid fermentation
11
Q
- actually a poisonous chemical
- accumulation causes cramps and muscle pain
A
lactic acid (lactate)
12
Q
- with oxygen present
- A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars).
A
Aerobic respiration
13
Q
means sweet
A
glyks
14
Q
means breakdown/ splitting
A
lysis
15
Q
where does glycolysis occur
A
- cytosol
- plastids
16
Q
series of reactions that extract energy from glucose by splitting it into two three-carbon molecules called pyruvates
A
Glycolysis
17
Q
1st phase of glycolysis
A
- energy is used instead of produced
- glucose is converted into two molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
18
Q
2nd phase of glycolysis
A
- energy is produced
- glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is converted into pyruvate
19
Q
adds a phosphate into glucose to form glucose 6- phosphate
A
kinase reaction
20
Q
converts glucose 6-phosphate into fructose-6-phosphate by rearranging covalent bond
A
isomerase reaction
21
Q
Another kinase removes a phosphate group from ATP and gives it to fructose 6-phosphate to form ___ ___.
A
fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
22
Q
what is formed after the first kinase reaction in glycolysis
A
glucose 6-phosphate
23
Q
what is formed after an isomerase reaction in glycolysis
A
fructose-6-phosphate
24
Q
splits the 6-carbon fructose 1,6
bisphosphate into two sugars, DHAP and G3P
A
lyase reaction
25
what is produced after lyase reaction that splits the 6-carbon fructose
two sugars:
- DHAP
- G3P
26
DHAP
dihydroxyacetone phosphate
27
G3P
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
28
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate are___ to 1,3-
bisphosphate by dehydrogenase
oxidized
29
formed after oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
1,3-biphosphate
30
a ___ transfers a phosphate from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to ADP to form ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate
kinase
31
what is formed after a kinase transfers a phosphate from 1,3-bisphosphogylcerate to ADP
- ATP
- 3-phosphoglycerate
32
involves a ___ ___ that moves the phosphate to form 2-phosphoglycerate.
mutase reaction
33
what is formed after a mutase reaction
2-phosphhoglycerate
34
A ___ ___ removes water from 2-phosphoglycerate to form phosphoenolpyruvate
lyase reaction
35
what is formed after a lyase reaction that removes water from 2-phosphoglycerate
phosphoenolpyruvate
36
a ___ ___ removes the phosphate group from phosphoenolpyruvate and donates it to ADP to form ATP and pyruvate.
kinase reaction
37
what is formed after a kinase reaction that removes the phosphate group from phosphoenolpyruvate and donates it to ADP
- ATP
- pyruvate
38
what is formed after glycolysis of one glucose molecule
- 2 pyruvate molecule
- 2 ATP
- 2 NADH
39
- the final pathway of oxidation of glucose, fats, and amino acids
- major source of ATP production in the cells
- large amount of energy is produced after the complete oxidation of nutrients.
citric acid cycle
40
citric acid cycle is also known as
- tricarboxylic acid cycle
- krebs cycle
41
citric acid cycle in prokaryotic cells happen where
cytoplasm
42
citric acid cycle in eukaryotic cells happen where
matrix of mitochondria
43
citric acid cycle uses ___ and gives out ___ and ___ as products
- uses oxygen
- water and carbon dioxide as products
44
in citric acid cycle, ___ is converted to ___
ADP to ATP
45
How many steps are there in citric acid cycle
8 steps
46
Citric acid cycle step 1
- condensation of acetyl CoA with oxaloacetate
- form 6C citrate
- coenzyme A released
47
step 1 of citric acid cycle is catalyzed by what
citrate synthase
48
Citric acid cycle step 2
- citrate converted to isocitrate
49
step 2 of citric acid cycle is catalyzed by what
aconitase
50
Citric acid cycle step 3
- isocitrate undergoes dehydrogenation & decarboxylation
- form 5C α-ketoglutarate
- CO2 is released
51
step 3 of citric acid cycle is catalyzed by what
isocitrate dehydrogenase
52
isocitrate dehydrogenase is dependent to ___. Because of this, it is converted to ___
- NAD+
- NADH
53
Citric acid cycle step 4
- α-ketoglutarate undergoes oxidative decarboxylation
- succinyl CoA is formed
54
step 4 of citric acid cycle is catalyzed by what
α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
55
Step 4:
one molecule of ___ is released and ___ is converted to ___
- CO2 is released
- NAD+ converted to NADH
56
Citric acid cycle step 5
- succinyl CoA forms succinate
57
step 5 of citric acid cycle is catalyzed by what
succinyl CoA synthetase
58
succinyl is coupled with substrate-level phosphorylation of ___ to get ___. Then, it transfers its phosphate to ___ forming ___
- GDP
- GTP
- ADP
- ATP
59
Citric acid cycle step 6
- succinate is oxidized
- fumarate is formed
60
step 6 of citric acid cycle is catalyzed by what
succinate dehydrogenase
61
in step 6 of citric acid cycle, ___ is converted to ___
- FAD
- FADH2
62
Citric acid cycle step 7
- fumarate converted to malate by addition of one H2O
63
step 7 of citric acid cycle is catalyzed by what
fumarase
64
Citric acid cycle step 8
- malate dehydrogenated
- oxaloacetate is formed, and combines to another acetyl CoA and starts new cycle
65
step 8 of citric acid cycle is catalyzed by what
malate dehydrogenase
66
in step 8 of citric acid cycle, ___ is removed and get transferred to ___ forming ___
- hydrogens removed
- NAD+ forming NADH
67
what carries protons and electron to the electron transport chain to generate additional ATP by oxidative phosphorylation
- NADH + H+
- FADH2
68
process by which ATP synthesis is coupled to the movement of electrons through the mitochondrial electron transport chain and the associated consumption of oxygen
Oxidative phosphorylation
69
For complete oxidation of one glucose molecule, citric acid cycle yields
- 4 CO2
- 6 NADH
- 2 FADH2
- 2 ATPs
70
each molecule of NADH can form ___
2-3 ATPs
71
each FADH2 gives ___ on oxidation in the electron transport chain
2 ATPs
72
form of vitamin B2 used to restore riboflavin in anemia, migraine, alcoholism, and hyperhomocysteinemia
Flavin mononucleotide (FMN)
73
- represent the membrane hub where most of the respiratory complexes embed to account for OXPHOS and energy production in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
- Changes in the number and shape define the respiratory capacity as well as cell viability
Crista lumen
74
- coenzyme central to metabolism
- consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)
75
- helps mitochondria (small structures in the cell) make energy
- antioxidant that helps prevent cell damage caused by free radicals (highly reactive chemicals)
Ubiquinone
76
proteins that contain heme as their prosthetic group and whose principal biological function, in the cells of animals, plants, and microorganisms, is electron transport
Cytochromes
77
- transmembrane molecule found in the mitochondria of eukaryotes and in the cellular space of aerobic prokaryotes
- proton pump that plays a vital role in producing energy, in the form of ATP, via the ETS
Cytochrome oxidase
78
- electrons are passed from one molecule to another, and energy released in these electron transfers is used to form an electrochemical gradient
- In chemiosmosis, the energy stored in the gradient is used to make ATP
electron transport chain
79
- transports the substrate for oxidative metabolism directly from the cytosol to the mitochondrial electron transport chain
- essential for glucose-induced activation of mitochondrial metabolism and insulin secretion in adult β-cells
NADH shuttle system
80
Types of shuttle
1. Malate-aspartate shuttle
2. Glycerol phosphate shuttle
81
- essential system used by mitochondria
- NADH in the cytosol powers the conversion of oxaloacetate to malate
- Malate is converted to aspartate and transported back out of the mitochondrion, where it is converted to oxaloacetate again and can repeat the cycle
malate-aspartate shuttle
82
- byproduct of glycolysis
- important pathway for delivery of cytosolic reducing equivalents into mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation
- mechanism that regenerates NAD+ from NADH
glycerol phosphate shuttle
83
- cellular respiration that allows plants produce heat
- takes place in the mitochondria
thermogenic respiration
84
Ex. of thermogenic plants
- voodoo lily
- skunk cabbage
85
Thermogenesis in plants
1. No proton gradient and no chemiosmosis production of ATP
2. Alternative Electron Carriers (do not pump protons during electron transport in mitochondria)
3. Energy in NADH is converted entirely to heat
86
In plants, alternative electron carriers do not interact with ___, ___ and ___
- cyanide (CN-)
- azide (N3-)
- carbon monoxide (CO)
87
thermogenic/heat-generating respiration is also called ___ ___
cyanide-resistant respiration
88
- produce sugars that make up DNA and RNA (ribose)
- produce sugars that make up lignin and anthocyanin (erythrose)
- Produce NADPH (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate)
- Occurs in cytosol and plastids
pentose phosphate pathway
89
where does pentose phosphate pathway occurs
- cytosol
- plastid
90
the deposition of __ in cell walls make up woody plant parts
lignin
91
colored water-soluble pigments in vacuoles
anthocyanins
92
Pentose Phosphate Pathway:
meristematic cells, favors what
ribose production
93
Pentose Phosphate Pathway:
woody cells, favors what
erythrose production
94
Pentose Phosphate Pathway:
other cells, favors what
NADPH production
95
Lipids undergo __ in which the fatty acids are separated from either glycerol of glycerol phosphate
lipolysis
96
fatty acids are broken down into acetyl CoA by a process called
beta oxidation
97
activation of fatty acids to become acyl-CoA is catalyzed by what enzyme
acyl-CoA synthetase
98
Four (4) steps in beta-oxidation
1. dehydrogenation
2. hydration
3. oxidation
4. thiolysis (cleavage)
99
each round of beta-oxidation uses
- 1 FAD+
- 1 NAD+
- 1 H2O
- 1 CoA
100
each round of beta-oxidation generates
- 1 NADH
- 1 H+
- 1 FADH2
- 1 acetyl coA (last round produces 2)
101
acetyl coa may be used for synthesis of ___ or may enter __ __ __ and be further respired
- carbohydrates
- citric acid cycle
102
enzyme that catalyzes lipolysis
lipase
103
- Refers to a process in plant metabolism where the enzyme RuBisCO oxygenates RuBP, wasting some of the energy produced by photosynthesis
- RuBisCO reacts with oxygen rather than carbon dioxide.
photorespiration
104
Organelles that participate in photorespiration
1. chloroplast
2. peroxisome
3. mitochondrion
105
Environmental factors and internal factors that affect rate of respiration
1. Temperature
2. Lack of Oxygen
3. Internal regulation
106
The cellular respiration in plants increases with an increase in ___ until the point- when a further increase will lead to tissue deterioration.
temperature
107
Optimal temperature of plants to have the highest enzyme activity
40°C
108
The ___ ___ ___ in the surrounding atmosphere greatly influence the rate of respiration.
percentage of oxygen
109
During fruit maturation, respiration usually remains ___ or __ __ until just before the fruit is mature
- steady
- increase gradually
110
Sudden burst of respiration in fruit maturation is triggered by __ __
endogenous hormones
111
Within seeds, after an embryo is mature, its respiration ___ dramatically and the seed becomes dormant
- decreases
112
Tissues that store large amounts of lipids
- oily seeds
- dormant apical meristem
113
Cells that have metabolism, have high level of __ __
aerobic respiration
114
Respiration is much higher in ___ season than in ___ season for the other organs
- summer
- winter
115
respiration usually remains or increase gradually until just before the fruit is mature
fruit maturation
116
- respiration decreases so dramatically after an embryo is mature
- becomes dormant
within seeds
117
no respiration occurs even if the embryo is surgically removed and given water, warmth, and oxygen
seeds with true dormant period
118
Production of ATP by Various Types of Respiration:
Anaerobic respiration
2 ATP -> 2ATP
119
Production of ATP by Various Types of Respiration:
Glycolysis (Aerobic respiration)
2 ATP -> 2 ATP
2 NADH -> 4 or 6 ATP
120
Production of ATP by Various Types of Respiration:
Pyruvate/acetyl CoA (Aerobic respiration)
1 NADH -> 3 ATP (2) -> 6 ATP
121
Production of ATP by Various Types of Respiration:
Citric acid cycle (Aerobic respiration)
1 ATP (2) -> 2 ATP
3 NADH -> 9 ATP (2) -> 18 ATP
1 FADH2 -> 2 ATP (2) -> 4 ATP
122
Production of ATP by Various Types of Respiration:
Pentose phosphate pathway
2 to 6 NADPH -> 0 to 12 ATP
123
Production of ATP by Various Types of Respiration:
Heat-generating respiration
none
124
Production of ATP by Various Types of Respiration:
Lipid respiration
variable
125
Production of ATP by Various Types of Respiration:
Photorespiration
none
126
- ratio of volume of carbon dioxide given out and volume of oxygen taken in during respiration
- depends upon respiratory substrates and their oxidation
Respiratory Quotient or Respiratory Ratio
127
- contain relatively large amounts of oxygen in their molecular structure, less is needed to convert them to carbon dioxide and water
Acids
128
contain virtually no oxygen
fatty acids
129
Formula of RQ
RQ = CO2 liberated / O2 consumed
130
Examples of alcoholic beverages
1. beer
2. wine
3. spirits
131
- made by fermenting starchy cereal grains, especially barley, wheat, corn, or rice
Beer
132
by far most common type of grain used in beer
barley
133
sprouted, dried barley grains
malt
134
sugar-rich liquid resulting from the mashing process of beer
wort
135
fermented rice, usually called rice wine
sake
136
fermented fruit juices that are rich in sugars
wine
137
for white wines, the __ are removed, but it is mixed with red or rose wines
exocarps
138
fermentation temperature for white wines
10 - 15°C
139
fermentation temperature for red wines
25 - 30°C
140
are made by adding sugar to a bottle of wine that sill has a few live yeast cells in it
- champagnes
- sparkling wines
141
extra ethanol is added to wine
fortified wine
142
alcoholic beverages with an ethanol content above 20%
spirits
143
distillation of gran-based fermentations produces
- whiskeys
- vodka
- gin
144
results from distillation of grape wine
brandy
145
distillation of fermented molasses
rum
146
distilled from fermented juices of agave plants
- tequila
- mescal
147
fermentation of plant material always produces __ __
ethyl alcohol (ethanol)
148
Too much ethanol will disrupt the __ in the cell membrane
lipids
149
- very toxic by itself
- our livers convert it into an even more poisonous substance
methyl alcohol
150
our livers convert methyl alcohol into
- formaldehyde
- formic acid
