Macromolecules Flashcards
1
Q
an organic molecule consists of a carbon-based core with special groups
A
Macromolecules
2
Q
specific groups of atoms that have special properties
A
functional groups
3
Q
Four (4) kinds of macromolecules
A
- Proteins
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Nucleic Acids
4
Q
long chains of repeating similar units
A
Polymers
5
Q
simple molecule with two or more binding sites through which it forms covalent linkages with other simple molecules
A
monomer
6
Q
Process by which macromolecules are made
A
Dehydration synthesis
7
Q
Process by which macromolecules are broken down
A
Hydrolysis
8
Q
What are needed in the processes that make and break macromolecules?
A
Enzymes
9
Q
- also referred to as sugars
- provide building materials and energy storage
- molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
A
Carbohydrates
10
Q
What is the ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in carbohydrates?
A
1:2:1
11
Q
Two (2) main types of carbohydrates
A
- Simple carbohydrates
- Complex carbohydrates
12
Q
Two (2) types of simple carbohydrates
A
- Monosaccharide
- Disaccharide
13
Q
consists of one subunit
A
monosaccharides
14
Q
consists of two subunits
A
disaccharides
15
Q
consists of long polymers of sugar subunits
A
polysaccharides
16
Q
Examples of polysaccharides or complex carbohydrates
A
- Starch
- Glycogen
- Cellulose
- Chitin
17
Q
provides energy storage in plants
A
Starch
18
Q
provides energy storage in animals
A
Glycogen
19
Q
found in the cell walls of plants
A
Cellulose
20
Q
found in the cell walls of fungi
A
Chitin
21
Q
Part of the plant that has the most carbohydrate
A
Seed portion
22
Q
Part of the plant that has the 2nd most carbohydrate
A
Tuber portion
23
Q
Examples of food that are in the seed portion
A
- grains (rice, wheat, oats, etc.)
- corn
- peas
- beans
24
Q
Examples of food that are in the tuber portion
A
- potato
- yucca
- taro root
25
Part of the plant that has the 3rd most carohydrate
Fruit portion
26
Part of the plant that has the 4th most carbohydrate
Root portion
27
Example of food that are in the root portion
- radish
- carrots
- parsnips
- turnips
28
Part of the plant that has the least carbohydrate
Vegetable portion
29
What are the three (3) most common monosaccharides?
1. Glucose
2. Galactose
3. Fructose
30
What are the three (3) most common disaccharides?
1. Lactose
2. Sucrose
3. Maltose
31
What are lactose made of?
Galactose + Glucose
32
What are sucrose made of?
Fructose + Glucose
33
What are maltose made of?
Glucose + Glucose
34
Example of transport disaccharide
Lactose
35
Examples of storage polysaccharide
- Starch
- Glycogen
36
Examples of structural polysaccharide
- Cellulose
- Chitin
37
Made of subunits called amino acids
Proteins
38
What are the four (4) general groups of amino acids
1. Nonpolar (an aromatic)
2. Polar uncharged
3. Polar ionizable (charged)
4. Special chemical groups
39
How many amino acids are there in nonpolar group
Six (6) amino acids
40
How many amino acids are there in polar uncharged group
Six (6) amino acids
41
How many amino acids are there in polar ionizable group
Five (5) amino acids
42
How many amino acids are there in special chemical groups
Three (3) amino acids
43
How many amino acids are there?
20 amino acids
44
Amino acids that cannot be synthesized within the body
Essential amino acids
45
What are the nine (9) essential amino acids? (PriVaTe ThIM HiLL)
1. Phenylalanine
2. Valine
3. Tryptophan
4. Threonine
5. Isoleucine
5. Methionine
7. Histidine
8. Lysine
9. Leucine
46
- Essential amino acids that are included in protein that forms muscles
- Account for 30-40% of essential amino acids
- Valine
- Isoleucine
- Leucine
47
Amino acids that can be synthesized within the body
Non-essential amino acids
48
What are the 11 non-essential amino acids?
(Almost All Girls Go Crazy After Going To A Pretty Shop)
1. Alanine
2. Arginine
3. Glycine
4. Glutamine
5. Cysteine
6. Asparagine
7. Glutamic Acid
8. Tyrosine
9. Aspartic Acid
10. Proline
11. Serine
49
How are essential amino acids acquired?
Consumed in the form of food
50
What are the monomers of proteins?
Amino acids
51
How are amino acids linked together?
By peptide bonds
52
What are long chains of amino acids called?
Polypeptides
53
Determined by the sequence of its amino acids
Protein structure
54
What are the four (4) general levels of protein structure?
1. Primary
2. Secondary
3. Tertiary
4. Quaternary
55
specific amino acid sequence of a protein
Primary structure
56
initial folding of the amino acid chain by hydrogen bonding
Secondary structure
57
final three-dimensional shape of the protein
Tertiary structure
58
spatial arrangement of polypeptides in a multi-component protein
Quaternary structure
59
The normal shape of the protein gets deformed because some of the hydrogen bonds are broken
Denature
60
What causes a protein to denature?
Changes in its environment
61
What happens to a denatured protein?
- loses its 3D structure
- becomes inactive
62
What are the two classes of protein?
1. Structural
2. Globular
63
- long cables
- provide shape/strength
Structural proteins
64
- grooves and depressions
- enzymes
Globular proteins
65
Examples of structural proteins
- Fibrin
- Keratin
66
Three (3) examples of protein type utilized in living plants
1. Storage protein
2. RuBisCo (Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase)
3. Plasma membrane proteins (surface proteins, globular proteins)
67
Where do storage proteins occur?
Seeds, tubers
68
Where does the RuBisCo occur?
Chloroplast
69
Where is the occurrence of plasma membrane proteins?
- Cell membrane
- Protein channels
70
What is the function of storage proteins in seeds and tubers?
growth and nutrition to seedlings and plantlets
71
What is the function of the RuBisCo in chloroplasts?
Photosynthesis
72
What is the function of plasma membrane proteins in cell membrane and protein channels?
- Structural support
- Ion regulation
- Transport
73
Protein type utilized in food products
Vicilin
74
Where does vicilin occur?
Pea
75
What is the function of vicilin found in pea?
Heat-induced gelation emulsifying properties
76
Protein type utilized in bio-based materials
- Glutenins
- Gliadins
77
Where is the occurrence of glutenins and gliadins?
Wheat
78
Functions of glutenins and gliadins in wheat
- cohesive matrix
- gas barrier
- strength (glutenins)
- flexibility (gliadins)
79
Proteins that serve as catalyst
Enzymes
80
What are catalysts?
They speed up chemical reactions within cells
81
Why do enzymes bind a specific molecule and stress bonds?
make a particular reaction more likely
82
site on enzyme surface where reactant fits
Active site
83
site on reactant where enzyme binds
Binding site
84
What determines the enzyme's activity?
Enzyme shape
85
What do enzymes have to which particular reactants fit, like a hand in a glove?
Complex three-dimensional surface
86
Particular reactants of enzymes are also called __.
Substrates of that enzyme
87
What does the enzyme and its substrate/s form when they bind tightly together?
Enzyme-substrate complex
88
What happens in the binding of enzyme and its substrate/s?
- Brings key atoms near each other
- stresses key covalent bonds
89
What is the result of the binding of the enzyme and its substrate/s?
Chemical reaction occurs in active site and forms the product
90
What happens to the product in the enzyme?
Diffuses away, freeing the enzyme to work again
91
What do you call the cycle that happens in an enzyme?
Catalytic cycle
92
What are the factors affecting enzyme activity?
Any change in condition that alters enzyme's 3D shape.
93
The structural bonds of enzymes are sensitive to what?
Changes in temperature and pH
94
What happens to the enzyme when the temperature or pH reaches beyond the optimal range?
Denature
95
Enzyme that digests proteins in the stomach
Pepsin
96
Enzyme that digests proteins in the intestine
Trypsin
97
What is the optimum temperature for human enzyme?
About 37°C
98
What is the optimum temperature for enzymes from hotsprings bacterium?
about 70°C
99
Large nonpolar molecules that are insoluble in water
Lipids
100
Three (3) major types of lipids
1. Fats
2. Phospholipids
3. Steroids
101
What is the function of lipids in plants?
- Major component of biological membranes
- used as compact energy source for seed germination
102
What is the major lipids in plants?
Fatty acids
103
Where are the fatty acids synthesized in plants?
Plastid
104
Where are the plastids assembled after synthesis?
Endoplasmic reticulum
105
What assembles the synthesized fatty acids in the ER?
Assembled by Glycerolipids or triacylglycerols
106
Three (3) divisions of lipids based on the fatty acid
1. Fatty acids
2. Simple lipids
3. Complex lipids
107
Two (2) types of fatty acids
1. Saturated
2. Unsaturated
108
Three (3) types of simple lipids
1. Glycerides
2. Cerids
3. Sterides
109
Three (3) types of complex lipids
1. Phosphorus lipids
2. Nitrogen lipids
3. Sulfur lipids
110
Four (4) divisions of lipid-based isoprene
1. Terpenoids
2. Carotenoids
3. Quinones isoprene chain
4. Steroids
111
used for long-term energy storage
Fats
112
Other terms for fats
Triglycerides or Triacylglycerol
113
Composition of fats
Three (3) fatty acid chains linked to glycerol
114
Fatty acids with single bonds between all carbon pairs
Saturated fats (hard fat)
115
Where are saturated fats mostly found?
Most animal fats
116
Fatty acids that contain double bonds between one or more pairs of carbon atoms
Unsaturated fats (Oil)
117
Where are unsaturated fats mostly found?
Most plant fats
118
Two (2) forms of unsaturated fats
1. Trans
2. Cis
119
H atoms are opposite
Trans fat
120
H atoms are on the same side
Cis
121
- a modified fat
- one of the three fatty acids is replaced by a phosphate and a small polar functional group
Phospholipids
122
In water, phospholipids aggregate to form a __ __
lipid bilayer
123
Structure of phospholipid
- hydrophilic head (phosphate, glycerol)
- hydrophobic tail (saturated fatty acid, unsaturated fatty acid)
124
- key hormones throughout the plant kingdom
- BR signaling functions to promote cell expansion and cell division
brassinosteroids
125
main information-carrying molecules of the cell
Nucleic acids
126
By directing the process of __ __, nucleic acids determine the __ __ of every living thing
protein synthesis; inherited characteristics
127
Two main classes of nucleic acids
- deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
- ribonucleic acid (RNA)
128
Pyrimidines
- cytosine
- thymine (DNA)
- uracil (RNA)
129
Purines
- adenine
- guanine
130
double ring
purine
131
single ring
pyrimidine
132
nitrogenous bases are connected by
hydrogen bond
133
polymer of the intermediate filament
polypeptide
134
monomer of polypeptide
amino acid
135
polymer of chromosome
DNA strand
136
monomer of DNA strands
nucleotide
137
polymer of starch grains in a chloroplast
starch
138
monomer of starch
monosaccharide
139
polymer of adipose cells with fat droplets
fat molecule
140
monomer of fat molecules
fatty acid
