CH 10 - Exam 2

Question 1

A ___ ___ specifies how participants will be selected and how many to include.
It is usually located in the ___ section listed under ___ ___

Answer 1

• sampling plan
• methods
• study participants

Question 2

When critiquing a sampling plan the research should describe what 5 things?

Answer 2

• type of sampling approach
• population
• eligibility criteria
• sample size w/ rationale
• description of the sample’s main characteristics

Question 3

What is the response rate?
What is it compared to?
A low response rate = ___ (strong/weak) study with ___ (inc/dec) risk of bias

Answer 3

• the number of people that participated or responded in a study
• the number to people sampled
• weak
• inc

Question 4

The ___ in PICO refers to the entire group that it represents

Answer 4

P : population

Question 5

___ ___ specify the population characteristics allowed in a sample

Answer 5

eligibility criteria

Question 6

What is the goal of a sample?

Answer 6

• to pick the correct number of individuals to represent the population at large
• a subset of population elements

Question 7

___ ___ occurs when a certain population is not accurately represented in a sample

Answer 7

sampling bias

Question 8

___ are mutually exclusive segments of a population based on a specific characteristic

Answer 8

strata

Question 9

The population is nursing students :
ABSN / BSN are examples of ___
eligibility criteria that limited the sample to ABSN student with a previous degree in healthcare would result in ___ ___

Answer 9

• strata

- sampling bias

Question 10

Non probability sampling selects elements by ___ methods in which every element ___ have a chance to be included

Answer 10

• nonrandom

- doesn’t

Question 11

What are 4 examples of non-probability sampling?

Answer 11

• consecutive
• purposive
• convenience
• quota

Question 12

What type of sampling selects the most conveniently available people as participants?

Answer 12

convenience

Question 13

___ sampling is using strata information to figure out how to use balanced a sample.

Answer 13

quota

Question 14

Identifying the percentage of males and females in the population and mating that in the sample would be what type of sampling?

Answer 14

quota

Question 15

___ sampling is a type of non probability sampling method that recruits everyone from an accessible population over a period of time.
An accessible population is one available in a certain ___ or ___

Answer 15

• consecutive

- location or situation

Question 16

If all of the patients on 1 unit in a hospital over the span of a month would be considered what type of population?

Answer 16

consecutive

Question 17

What type of sampling do the researchers hand pick sample members based on traits in the population?

Answer 17

purposive

Question 18

Will non probability sampling have bias? How does this effect the results?

Answer 18

yes - the results can be misleading

Question 19

What type of sample (general) is expedient and have the easiest time being utilized to make a study?

Answer 19

non-probability samples

Question 20

What type of sampling involves random selection of elements from a population where each element has an equal chance of being selected?

Answer 20

probability sampling

Question 21

What are the 3 types of probability sampling?

Answer 21

• simple random
• stratified random
• systematic

Question 22

A ___ ___ is a list of population elements

Answer 22

sampling frame

Question 23

What type of probability sampling uses a tool to randomly pick elements from a sampling frame?

Answer 23

simple random

Question 24

___ ___ sampling divides the population into 2 strata and then randomly selects samples from both strata

Answer 24

stratified random

Question 25

___ sampling chooses to select a specific number such as every 4th person to participate

Answer 25

systematic

Question 26

What is the only viable method of obtained a representative sample?

Answer 26

probability sampling

Question 27

A __ analysis is a method for researchers to determine how large a sample size should be

Answer 27

power

Question 28

Does a large sample size ensure that results are accurate? Why?

Answer 28

- no : if non probability sampling is used large sample sizes can still be inaccurate

Question 29

T/F : a small sample size can support a conclusion if the sampling is perfectly random

Answer 29

false

Question 30

What is self reported data? | AKA

Answer 30

- participants response to researchers questions | - patient reported data

Question 31

Self reported interview data is collected with a formal written document ___ in ___ or by ____. interviews tend to get a ___ (lg/sm) response, and ___ (can/cannot) be completed by all positions of the population

Answer 31

- verbally - person - phone - larger - can

Question 32

A questionnaire is when participants ...

Answer 32

complete a form or survey themselves

Question 33

What can be used for populations that are geographically dispersed and is less costly

Answer 33

questionnaire

Question 34

____ method of data collection allows for anonymity

Answer 34

questionnaire

Question 35

___ questions allow for specific responses and allow the results to be comparable

Answer 35

close-ended

Question 36

what type of question can obtain richer detail but can be difficult to compare responses?

Answer 36

open ended

Question 37

A ___ is a device that assign a numeric score to people along a continuum

Answer 37

scale

Question 38

Any scale that has rating with options (strong agree, agree, etc) is an example of what type of scale

Answer 38

likert

Question 39

A ___ ___ scale measures subjective experiences such as pain or fatigue

Answer 39

visual analog

Question 40

The 0-10 pain scale is an example of what kind of scale

Answer 40

visual analog : the pt picks a spot on the scale to represent their pain

Question 41

What 3 things can impact response set bias

Answer 41

- social desirability - extreme responses - acquisition response

Question 42

___ ___ are the olny way to know how a person really feels/believes but can have ___ and ___ errors

Answer 42

- self report - accuracy - validity

Question 43

The ___ ___ focuses on behaviors or events of interest to an observational study. Can this type of study pick and choose behaviors to observe?

Answer 43

- category system | - yes

Question 44

What instrument do researchers uses to record observations?

Answer 44

checklist

Question 45

A ___ ___ is used to rate the behavior along a continuum to measure intensity instead of just a number of occurrences

Answer 45

rating scale

Question 46

Observational sampling describes what?

Answer 46

when the observation period will occur

Question 47

sampling that focuses on medication administration time is what type of observational sampling

Answer 47

event

Question 48

In ___ measurements are preformed directly on the participants to obtain a value

Answer 48

vivo

Question 49

In ___ takes something from the participant and analyzes it (blood for lab values)

Answer 49

vitro

Question 50

Biosphysiologic measures are ___ (subjective/objective), ____ (accurate/inaccurate), and are ____ (very/not very) biased

Answer 50

- objective - accurate - not very

Question 51

Do the instruments or scales used to collect data relate to the quality of data

Answer 51

yeah ... duh

Question 52

___ involves assigning number to represent the amount of an attribute present in a person or object

Answer 52

measurement

Question 53

what 2 things are used to measure the effectiveness of a tool

Answer 53

- reliability | - validity

Question 54

___ is the extent to which scores are free from measurement error.

Answer 54

reliability

Question 55

___ ____ ____ provides the same measurement till to the same person at two different periods in time

Answer 55

test retest reliability

Question 56

reliability can be influenced by the person if the score is based on ___. How do we combat this

Answer 56

- judgement | - have more than one person use the scale

Question 57

___ ___ is measured by having multiple items address the same theme with rewording

Answer 57

internal consistency

Question 58

___ is the degree to which an instrument measuring a concept is appropriate to measure.

Answer 58

validity

Question 59

What is the difference between face, content, and criterion validity

Answer 59

- Face : instruments looks like it will measure the target construct - Content : extent to which the instrument can adequately capture the target construct - Criterion : extent to which scores are a good reflection of an ideal measure of a construct