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EBP Exam > CH 9 - Exam 2 > Flashcards

CH 9 - Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Experimental, randomized control trials, and quasi-experimental design studies are all examples of research designs that use an ___.

A

intervention

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2
Q

A __ study compares 2 groups but does not use an intervention.

A

observation

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3
Q

___ variables are variables that can influence the outcome and weaken the link b/t the independent and dependent variable.

A

cofounding

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4
Q

randomization, crossover, homogeneity, matching, and statistical control are methods to ___ the influence of ___ ___

A

limit

cofounding variables

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5
Q

withholding critical information to advert bias is known as ___

A

blinding

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6
Q

Who can be blinded during a study? (4 groups)

A
  • participants
  • the people preforming the intervention
  • other staff
  • data collectors
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7
Q

More blinded groups = ___ bias in the study

A

less

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8
Q

What are the 2 types of time frames that can be used for collecting data?

A
  • cross sectional

- longitudinal

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9
Q

relative timing includes retrospective studies that look ___, and prospective cohort study that looks ___.

A
  • backwards

- forwards

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10
Q

A retrospective study is a ___ (1° or 2°) study. Why?

A

2° - b/c it is looking at research that as already been completed (backwards) by someone other than the researcher

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11
Q

What are the key design features (8ish)

A
  • intervention
  • type of comparison
  • control of cofounding variable
  • bias
  • blinding
  • time frame (data collection)
  • relative timing
  • location
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12
Q

Cause and Effect : ___ is the independent variable while ___ is the dependent variable

A 
cause = independent 
effect = dependent
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13
Q

What are the 3 traits / criteria for establishing a casual relationship

A
  • temporal
  • relationship
  • cofounders
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14
Q

temporal requires a cause to ___ an effect

A

precede

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15
Q

___ requires as association to be shown b/t cause and effect

A

relationship

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16
Q

___ requires it to be proven that the effect cannot be caused by a third variable

A

cofounders

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17
Q

A randomized controlled trial has what 3 things?

A
  • intervention
  • a control
  • participants are chosen randomly
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18
Q

describe the pretest / post test design

A
  • measure the outcome indicator before = baseline data, and after the intervention (posttest data)
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19
Q

How is randomization done today?

What is another mundane ex of randomization ?

A
  • computers

- pulling names out of a hat

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20
Q

A ___ design is used when you give more than one tx but separate the tx and use randomization to determine the ordering.

A

crossover

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21
Q

What is a limitation for RTCs?

What is one way to address this

A
  • blinding : have to edu the participants which would mean the researcher and participant would not be blinded to the study
  • if edu is given in an asynchronous then the research could still be blinded
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22
Q

What is usual care in regards to the comparison in PICO?

A
  • when you are comparing the therapy in place to a new intervention
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23
Q

An ___ ___ is tested out 2 txs for one outcome to see which one gets better results.
Is this ethical? Why?
What if the results are similar?

A
  • alternative treatment
  • yes : bc both txs should benefit the participants
  • if similar the study loses power to say one is better than the other
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24
Q

A ___ is a tx expected to have no effect to compare with the intervention

A

placebo

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25
Q

An attention control condition is when the control group gets ___ but not the ____.

A
  • attention

- intervention

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26
Q

The independent and control groups are receiving edu about weight loss, but only the independent group is given a weight loss supplement. This is an example of ___ ___ ___

A

attention control condition

27
Q

___ ___ gives both groups the intervention, but the control groups waits until late to get it.

A

delayed treatment

28
Q

What is the most ethical type of comparison to make for PICO?

A

delayed treatment

29
Q

The inability to test all interventions in this format, to randomized certain variables, and difficulties getting administrative approval to carry out a study are all examples of what?

A

limitations of a RCT

30
Q

A ___ ___ study examines an intervention but does not include randomization.

A

quasi-experimental

31
Q

Does a quasi-experimental study include a control group?

What is another name for the control group in this type of study?

A
  • not always

- comparison group AKA: non-equivalent control group

32
Q

Describe a quasi experimental study?

A
  • the intervention is offered to everyone in a population
  • have another similar population that is not offered the intervention
  • compare the outcomes after a preset time
  • -> will often use pre&post test data for this
33
Q

If a quasi-experimental study only collects post test data it is ___ (more/less) reliable

A

less

34
Q

A ___ ___ design collects data over an extended period, introducing an intervention, then collecting data for a length of time.
What type of study would this increase reliability?

A
  • time series

- quasi-experimental that did not have a comparison group

35
Q

Which type of study is easier to conduct RTC or quasi?

What is one example of why this may be? (think about participants)

A
  • quasi = easier
  • some ppl do not want to be randomized and put into a control group b/c they want the intervention –> quasi avoids this
36
Q

What are 2 disadvantages of a quasi-experimental study?

A
  • dec generalizability d/t inc bias

- inc chance for cofounding variables to influence the results

37
Q

A non experimental study is one in which an ___ is not introduced and is AKA an ___ ___

A
  • intervention

- observational study

38
Q

Correlational research shows ____ but does not prove ___ ___ ___

A
  • association

- cause and effect

39
Q

A ___ design begins with a presumed cause and looks for a presumed effect.
This is AKA ___ design

A
  • cohort

- prospective

40
Q

What type of design looks retrospectively, starting with the outcome, and looks for the result?

A

A case control design

41
Q

How might a case control design further identify causative variables?

A

compare individuals with the outcome/effect to those who do not

42
Q

What type of study observes for prevalence but does not determine a relationship?

A

descriptive

43
Q

A ___ ___ study determines if traits have a relationship that is not casual.

A

descriptive correlational

44
Q

Researchers measure the incidence hunger AND thirst in patients with new onset diabetes without relating the factors that cause diabetes. What type of study is this?

A

descriptive correlation

45
Q

Why are non-experimental studies important?

A

some interventions cannot be tested experimentally, but the relationships can be tested

46
Q

Can non-experimental studies be used to support practice change?

A

no

47
Q

Non-experimental studies can lead to ___ ___ and ___ ___ but not specific ___.

A
  • other studies
  • educational recommendations
  • interventions
48
Q

When is data collected in a cross sectional design?

A

at 1 point in time

49
Q

When is data collected during a longitudinal study?

A

data is collected multiple times over and extended period

happens over a LONG time

50
Q

Script, homogeneity, matching, and statistical control are all used to ___ the study and help reduce ___

A
  • control

- bias

51
Q

___ is a method or restricting a study to individual who have cofounding variables and subsequently cancel out the effect of the cofounding variable.

A

homogeneity

52
Q

Age is a cofounding variable therefore the researchers restricted participants to only those in a certain age range. This is an example of ___

A

homogeneity

53
Q

___ is developing a comparison group with the same cofounding variables as the control.
When might this become difficult?

A
  • matching

- more than 2 variables

54
Q

___ ___ can be used to account for cofounding variables

A

statistical programs

55
Q

What 2 factors relate to statistical validity?

A
  • statistical power

- interventions that are clearly defined and different

56
Q

Large sample size = ___ (more/less) power

A

more

57
Q

For an intervention to be clearly defined it needs to be ___ from the ___

A
  • different

- control

58
Q

Describe internal validity

A

the extent it can be inferred that the independent variable causes the outcome

59
Q

What 5 things can threaten internal validity?

A
  • temporal ambiguity : cause does not occur before the effect
  • selection : not randomized
  • Hx : outside events that can influence participants cooperation
  • maturation : time’s effect on outcome
  • attrition : ppl dropping out of study (impair diversity = cofounding variable)
60
Q

What types of studies are more likely to face threats of internal validity? (2)

A
  • quasi experimental

- correlation

61
Q

___ ___ concerns the ability to apply the study findings to the general population.
The sample needs to be ___ of the pop

A
  • external validity

- representative

62
Q

What are 2 things to increase external validity?

A
  • multi-site studies

- systematic reviews

63
Q

___ ___ involves inference from the particulars of the study to the higher order constructs they are intended to represent

A

construct validity

64
Q

What is the biggest weakness to construct validity?

A

blinding : participants may be aware of the intervention and it may effect the outcome

EBP Exam (18 decks)

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