CH 12 - Exam 2

Question 1

The primary goal for qualitative sampling is to figure out who would be an ___ ___ ___ for the study

Answer 1

information rich source

Question 2

Convenience samples for a qualitative study includes ___ to participate

Answer 2

volunteers

Question 3

What may be the first type of sample trialed in a qualitative study?

Answer 3

convenience

Question 4

What type of sampling involves having people make referrals to participate?
AKA
How might this affect the data

Answer 4

• snowballing AKA network sampling

- data may be skewed

Question 5

What type of sampling is done after others have been tried and the researchers are now deliberately picking information rich sources

Answer 5

purposive

Question 6

___ ___ sampling involved deliberately selecting cases with a wide range of variation on dimensions of interest

Answer 6

maximum variation

Question 7

Do confirming cases strengthen or weaken credibility

Answer 7

strengthen

Question 8

___ cases are new cases that challenge the results

Answer 8

disconfirming

Question 9

___ sampling is an evolving process where participants are selected as needed for relevance to the emerging theory discovered

Answer 9

theoretical

Question 10

How is the sample size for a qualitative study determined?

Answer 10

When data saturation occurs

Question 11

What is data saturation?

Answer 11

when no new information is achieved, redundancy beings to occur

Question 12

An ___ study starts with a wide range of participants and narrows it down to a select group of people known as __ ___

Answer 12

• ethnography

- key informants

Question 13

What are key informants?

What type of studies do they typically work with?

Answer 13

• people who are knowledgeable about a culture and are the researchers main link
• ethnography

Question 14

T/F : ethnography can sample both people and things

Answer 14

true

Question 15

What types of “things” would ethnography sample?

Answer 15

meetings / events that occur in the natural setting

Question 16

phenomenology uses a ___ (lg/sm) sample?

What are the 2 principles the sample must be based on

Answer 16

• small
• 1. all participants must have experienced the phenomenon
• 2. participants must be able to articulate what it is like to have lived that experience

Question 17

Describe the different types / order of sampling in grounded theory

Answer 17

• start with convenience
• move to max variation
• continue until data saturation occurs
• identify confirming and disconfirming cases

Question 18

Unstructured interviews begin with a ___ ___ question and follow up questions are based on the ___.

Answer 18

• broad open-ended

- response

Question 19

What types of studies commonly use instructed interviews? (2)

Answer 19

• ethnography

- phenomenological

Question 20

Semi-structured interviews have a ___ ___ ___ that the interviewers use to ensure they ask questions about each ___ throughout the interview

Answer 20

• written topic guide

- topic

Question 21

___ ___ interviews gather 5-10 people to gather ___ at the same time

Answer 21

• focus group

- opinions

Question 22

Information is gathered from the ___ in a focus group.

What is one limitation to a focus group?

Answer 22

• dialog

- some people are less likely to talk in a group setting

Question 23

A diary may be used to get rich ____ information. The diary may be unstructured but it is more common to …

Answer 23

• personalized

- direct the participants to focus on a specific topic

Question 24

photo elicitation uses ___ to conduct an interview

Answer 24

photos

Question 25

photo elicitation is commonly used in what 2 types of research

Answer 25

• ethnography

- participatory action

Question 26

photo voice involves … (2)

Answer 26

• the participants taking the photos themselves

- then interpreting the photos

Question 27

Observation involved observing participants in their setting to identify ___ and ___

Answer 27

behaviors and experiences

Question 28

___ ___ is then the researcher takes an active role in the conversation and seeks to observe, ask questions, and record information

Answer 28

participant observations

Question 29

Which type of qualitative study uses primarily observation and interviews, plus artifacts?

Answer 29

ethnography

Question 30

What type of qualitative study uses primarily in-depth interviews and sometimes diaries?

Answer 30

phenomenology

Question 31

What type of qualitative study primarily uses interviews and sometimes group interviews, observation, diaries, or documents?

Answer 31

grounded theory

Question 32

What type of qualitative study focuses on a cultural system as the unit of data collection?

Answer 32

ethnography

Question 33

What type of qualitative studies focus on an individual as the unit of data

Answer 33

phenomenology and grounded theory

Question 34

Ethnography typically uses ___ (longitudinal / cross section) for data collection.
Describe the time frame

Answer 34

• longitudinal

- LONG time - months to Years

Question 35

Phenomenology typically uses ___ (longitudinal / cross section) for data collection.
Describe the time frame

Answer 35

• cross sectional

- moderate

Question 36

grounded theory typically uses ___ (longitudinal / cross section) for data collection.
Describe the time frame

Answer 36

• either

- moderate

Question 37

Salient field issues associated with ethnography (7)

Answer 37

• gaining entry
• determining a role
• learning how to participate
• encouraging candor
• loss of objectivity
• premature exit
• reflexivity

Question 38

Salient field issues associated with phenomenology (6)

Answer 38

• bracketing ones views
• building rapport
• encouraging candor
• listening whole preparing what to ask next
• keeping on track
• handling emotions

Question 39

Salient field issues associated with grounded theory (5)

Answer 39

• building rapport
• encouraging candor
• listening while preparing what to ask next
• keeping on track
• handling emotions

Question 40

Observation data does not have ___ and is grouped into categories

Answer 40

limitations

Question 41

What are the 6 categories associated with observation studies

Answer 41

• physical setting : main features
• participants : characteristics
• activities :
• frequency and duration
• process
• outcomes : why, what didn’t happen and why

Question 42

A log or field diary is a daily record of ___ and ___.

Answer 42

events

conversations

Question 43

Field ___ are broader and represent the observers efforts to record information and to synthesize and understand data

Answer 43

notes

Question 44

Difference b/t field diary and notes

Answer 44

• diary : specific - describes only what is happening

- notes : broad - researchers thoughts