Ch 10 - Skin deep Flashcards
(282 cards)
1
Q
Where and what is the integumentary system?
A
where - on the outside what - skin
2
Q
The skin is composed of what kind is of tissue?
A
epithelium tissue - does not contain blood vessels
3
Q
What is epithelial tissue sometimes called?
A
epithelium
4
Q
What are the combining forms for skin?
A
cutane/o, derm/o, and dermat/o
5
Q
The suffix -derma means…?
A
Skin
6
Q
What does Dermatology mean?
A
the study of the skin
7
Q
The skin is made up of 3 levels, what are they?
A
The epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous layer
8
Q
The prefix epi- means?
A
above
9
Q
The epidermis is sometimes called?
A
vascular layer
10
Q
The epidermis depends on the deepest layer for …?
A
nourishment
11
Q
The thickest layers of the epidermis are found in the areas of greatest exposure such as…?
A
foot pads and teats
12
Q
The epidermis is made up of what kind of cells?
A
squamous epithelium cells
13
Q
What is the squamous epithelium composed of?
A
composed of flat, plate-like cells- arranged in many layers
14
Q
What is the deepest layer of the epidermis?
A
the basal layer- cells layer, multiply and push upward
15
Q
As the cells move superficially they…?
A
die and become filled with keratin
16
Q
What is keratin?
A
a protein that provides skin with its waterproofing properties
17
Q
The combining form for keratin is…?
A
kerat/o -also means horny or cornea
18
Q
The basal layer also contains melanocytes. What do they do?
A
they produce and contain a black pigment
19
Q
What is the black pigment that melanocytes produce called?
A
melanin
20
Q
What is the combining form that means black or dark?
A
melan/o
21
Q
What does the melanin do?
A
it protects the skin from some of the harmful rays of the sun and is responsible for skin pigmentation
22
Q
What is the absence of normal pigmentation called?
A
albinism
23
Q
What does true albinism mean?
A
the hair, skin, and eyes have no pigmentation
24
Q
The dermis is…?
A
the layer directly deep to the eipidermis
25
What is the dermis also called?
the corium
26
The dermis is composed of ...?
blood and lymph vessels, nerve fibers, the accessory organs of the skin, and connective tissue
27
The connective tissue of the dermis contains what cells?
fibroblasts, collagen, histiocytes, mast cells, histamine, heparin, perception (tactile perception)
28
What are fibroblasts?
fiber-producing cells (collagen is the major fiber in the dermis)
29
What is collagen?
tough, flexible, fibrous protein found in skin, bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments
30
Kolla in Greek means..? and -gen means...?
Kolla means glue and -gen means produce
31
What does histiocytes mean?
phagocytic cells (a cell that eats) that engulf foreign substances; also called tissue macrophages
32
What are mast cells?
cells that respond to insult by producing and releasing histamine and heparin
33
What is histamine?
chemical released in response to allergens that causes itching
34
What is heparin?
anticoagulant chemical released in response to injury
35
What is perception?
ability to recognize sensory stimuli - recognizes temperature, touch, pain, and pressure
36
What is tactile perception?
the ability to recognize touch sensation
37
What is the subcutaneous layer or hypodermis?
located deep to or under the dermis and is composed of connective tissue
38
The subcutaneous layer is contains a large amount of...?
fat or lipid
39
Adipocytes are ...?
fat cells that produce lipid
40
Adip/o is the combining form for...?
fat
41
What are the layers of the epidermis?
1 - stratum corneum 2 - stratum lucidum 3. stratum granulosum 4. stratum spinosum 5. stratum basale
42
What is stratum corneum?
most superficial layer of the epidermis - consists of layers of dead, highly keratinized and flattened cells
43
What is called the horny layer?
stratum corneum
44
What is stratum lucidum?
layer immediately superficial to the stratum granulosum - is clear because of accumulation of keratin fibers (found in areas of high wear and tear such as foot pads)
45
What is stratum granulosum?
layer immediately superficial to the stratum spinosum.
46
What is stratum spinosum?
layer immediately superficial to the stratum basale - Keratinization desquamation begins in this layer
47
What is keratinization?
the development of the hard, protein constituent of hair, nails, epidermis, horny structures and tooth enamel
48
What is desquamation?
the process in which cell organelles gradually dissolve.
49
The stratum spinosum layer is also called ...?
the prickle or spinous layer
50
What is stratum basale or stratum germinativum?
deepest or basal layer that continually multiplies to replenish cells lost from the epidermal surface
51
Appendages or structures associated with the skin include...?
glands, hair, fur, wool, feather, scale, claws, beaks, horns, and nails
52
What two main categories of skin glands are there?
sebaceous and sweat glands
53
Sebaceous glands or oil glands secrete an oily substance called?
sebum
54
Seb/o is the combining form that means...?
sebum or oily substance
55
Where are sebaceous glands located?
in the dermis and are closely associated with hair follicles
56
What are ducts?
tubelike passages - tiny ducts are called ductules
57
Why are sebaceous glands considered holocrine glands?
because the secreting cells and their secretions make up the discharge produced.
58
Where are sebaceous glands found?
in anal sacs, glands that produce musk, and circumoral and supracaudal glands, which cats use to mark territory when they groom and rub their tail
59
Sweat or sudoriferous glands are...?
aggregations of cells that are located in the dermis
60
Sweat glands are divided into 2 types, what are they?
eccrine glands and apocrine glands
61
What are Eccrine sweat glands and what do they produce and secrete?
are tiny, coiled glands that have ducts that open directly onto the skin surface through pores They produce and secrete water, salt, and waste (sweat)
62
Eccrine sweat glands are located...?
in various regions of the body depending on the species
63
What are apocrine glands and what do they produce and secrete?
found throughout the body and the free end or apical end of the cell is cast off along with the secretory products They produce and secrete a strong-smelling substance into the hair follicles
64
What do sweat glands do?
help regulate body temperature against hyperthermia and hypothermia
65
What is hyperthermia and hypothermia?
hyperthermia - high body temperture hypothermia - low body temperture
66
Hidrosis is ....?
the production and excretion of sweat
67
The combining form hidr/o means...?
sweat
68
Anhidrosis is...?
the abnormal reduction of sweating
69
Hyperhidrosis is ...?
excessive sweating
70
Ceruminous glands are...?
modified sweat glands that are located in the ear canal
71
The ceruminous glands secrete...?
cerumen - ear wax
72
What is hair?
rodlike fibers made of dead protein cells filled with keratin
73
Pil/i, pil/o, and trich/o are the combining forms that mean...?
hair
74
What is the portion called that extends beyond the skin surface?
hair shaft
75
What is the hair shaft composed of ...?
the cuticle cortex and medulla
76
The main component of the hair shaft is ... and what is it responsible for?
cortex for coat color
77
What is the innermost component of the hair shaft?
medulla
78
What are hair follicles?
sacs that hold the hair fibers
79
What is the arrector pili?
a tiny muscle attached to the hair follicle that causes the hair to stand erect in response to cold temperatures or stress
80
What is it called when a dog "raises his hackles"?
piloerection - condition of hair standing straight up
81
What does guard hairs include?
tail and mane hair, bristly hair of swine and most of the fur hair
82
What are guard hairs, or primary hairs, or topcoat?
long, straight, stiff hairs that form the outer coat
83
What are secondary hairs or undercoat?
finer, softer, and wavy hair - include wool and wavy hair located near the skin of rabbits
84
What is tactile hair?
long, brittle, extremely sensitive hairs usually located on the face
85
What is vibrissae?
a form of tactile hairs but are longer than tactile hairs such as cat's whiskers
86
What is cilia in hair and what is an example?
thin, short hairs - an example - eyelashes
87
What is simple pattern hair growth?
guard hairs that grow from separate follicular openings, as in cattle
88
What is compound pattern hair growth?
multiple guard hairs that grow from single follicles, as in dogs
89
Shedding is ...?
normal hair loss caused by temperature, hormones, photoperiod (light), nutrition, and other nondisease causes
90
What do foot pad or tori provide?
cushioning and protection for the bones of the foot
91
Dogs and cats have _____ pads on the palmar and plantar surfaces of the phalanges.
digital
92
Metacarpal and Metatarsal pads are..?
singular pads located on the palmar and plantar surfaces of the metacarpal and metatarsal areas
93
Carpal pads are located...?
on the palmar surface of each carpus
94
Carpal pads do not _____ the weight when the animal is standing.
bear
95
Dogs and cats are called _______ animals because they walk on their toes, with only the digital and metacarpal and metatarsal pads making contact with the ground.
digitigrade
96
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ animals have well-developed foot pads, such as those in primates
plantigrade
97
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ animals walk with phalanges, metacarpals and metatarsals, and carpal and tarsal bones making contact with the ground
plantigrade
98
In dogs and cats _____ and _____ are keratin plates covering the _____ surface of the _____ phalanx.
nails and claws dorsal distal
99
The dorsal and lateral surface of the claw is covered by the \_\_\_\_\_\_, and the ventral surface is the \_\_\_\_.
wall sole
100
What is the quick?
sensitive skin that is beneath the wall and sole containing numerous blood vessels and nerve endings
101
Name the parts of the cat's foot
1-
2-
3-
4-
5-
102
\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the term used to describe trimming thenail or claw to the level of the dermis.
Quicking
103
The combining form onych/o means...?
claw
104
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are the horny covering of the distal phalanx in ungulates or hooved animals such as equine, ruminants, and swine
Hooves
105
What are ungulates?
hooved animals such as equine, ruminants and swine
106
The combining form ungul/o means...?
hoof
107
In ruminants and swine, the foot pad is called the ...?
bulb or heel
108
The pad of equine is called the ...?
frog
109
The _____ is the dermis of the hoof and is located under the epidermal surface of the hoof wall, sole, and frog.
corium
110
The corium corresponds to the \_\_\_\_\_.
quick
111
Vestigial or rudimentary, structures of the integumentary system include...?
dewclaws, chestnuts and ergots
112
\_\_\_\_\_\_ are rudimentary bones
Dewclaws
113
The dewclaw in dogs is the _____ digit, whereas in cloven-hoofed animals, the dewclaws are digits _____ and \_\_\_\_\_.
1st digit - II and V
114
Chestnuts and ergots are _____ pads in equine.
vestigial
115
\_\_\_\_\_\_ are located on the medial surface of the leg; in the front leg, they are located above the \_\_\_\_\_, and in the hind leg, they are located below the \_\_\_\_\_.
Chestnuts - knee - hock
116
Chestnuts correspond to ____ pads in the dog.
carpal
117
\_\_\_\_\_ are located in a tuff ofhair onthe fetlock joint.
Ergots
118
Ergots correspond to ______ pads in the dog
119
The equine hoof is divided into various regions - what are they?
the coronary band, periople, wall, bars, sole, bulb, and frog
120
What is the corronary band?
it is the region where hoof meets the skin - like the cuticle of the human nail
121
The coronary band is the site of hoof wall growth; also called...?
the coronet
122
What is the periople?
a flaky tissue band located at the junction of the coronary band and the hoof wall and extends distally. It also widens at the heel to cover the bulbs of the heel
123
What is the wall?
epidermal tissue that includes the toe (front), quarters (sides), and heels (back)
124
What are the bars?
raised v-shaped structure on ventral surface of hoof. Bars are located on either side of the frog
125
What is the sole?
softer hoof tissue located on the ventral surface of the hoof - bottom of the hoof
126
What is the frog?
v-shaped pad of soft horn located in the central region of the ventral hoof surface of equine - located between the bars
127
What is the bulbs of the heel?
upward thickening of the frog above the heels of the wall
128
True or False No two chestnuts are alike and they do not change in size or shape throughout an equine's life
True
129
What is cornification?
the coversion of epithelium into keratin or horn
130
Breeds that are naturally hornless are called...?
polled
131
What is the velvet on antlers?
skin
132
What causes the antlers to be shed?
when the deer rub off the velvet(after it dies) on the antlers, the bone is exposed, the antlers lose their blood supply, and the antlers are eventuallyshed.
133
What is biopsy?
the removal of living tissue for examination of life.
134
The combining form bi/o means...?
life
135
The suffix -opsy means...?
view of
136
An incisional biopsy is...?
the removal of a piece of a tumor or lesion for examination
137
An incision is...?
a cut into tissue
138
An excisional biopsy?
the removal of an entire tumor or lesion in addition to a margin of surrounding tissue for examination
139
An excision is ...?
a cut out of tissue
140
A needle biopsy is ...?
is the insertion of a sharp instrument (needle) into a tissue for examination
141
Examination of biopsies involve the use of a \_\_\_\_\_\_.
microscope
142
What is culture?
diagnostic or research procedure used to allow microbes to reproduce in predetermined media (nutient source)
143
What is tissue culture?
takes epithelia cells and grows them in a medium so that intracellular microbes such as viruses can replicate
144
What is exfoliative cytology?
scraping of cells from tissue and examination under a microscope
145
What is exfoliative means...?
falling off
146
What is intradermal skin testing?
injection of test substances into the skin layer to observe a reaction used for diagnosis
147
What is atopy?
hypersensitivity reaction in animals involving pruritus with secondary dermatitis commonly called allergies or allergic dermatitis
148
Tuberculosis testing is called...?
purified protein derivative or PPD, testing
149
What is a skin scrape?
a microscopic examination of skin for the presence of mites
150
What is an abrasion?
injury in which superficial layers of skin ar scraped
151
What is an abscess?
localized collection of pus
152
What is acne?
skin inflammation caused by plugged sebaceous glands and comedone (blackheads) development from papules (raised skin lesion and pustules
153
What is chin acne?
a common condition in cats in which acne develops on the chin and lip area
154
What is acute moist dermatitis?
bacterial skin disease that is worsened by licking and scratching; also called hot spot
155
What is alopecia?
hair loss resulting in hairless patches or complete lack of hair
156
What is hypersensitization?
an increase response to an allergen
157
What is hyposensitization?
a decreased response to an allergen
158
What is a bullae or bulla (singlular form)?
multiple contained skin elevations filled with fluid that are greater than 0.5 cm in diameter.
159
What is a burn?
tissue injury caused by heat, flame, electricity, chemicals, or radiation
160
What is carbuncle?
cluster of furuncles
161
What is carcinoma?
malignant neoplasm of epithelial tissue
162
What is cellulitis?
inflammation of connective tissue.
163
When inflammation is diffused it means its...?
widespread or localized meaning within a well-defined area
164
What is comedo or comedones (plural form)?
blackhead or buildup of sebum and keratin in a pore
165
What is a contusion?
an injury that does not break the skin; characterized by pain, swelling, and discoloration
166
What is crust?
collection of dried sebum and cell debris
167
What is dermatitis?
inflammation of the skin
168
What is contact dermatitis?
inflammation of the skin caused by touching an irritant
169
What is dermatocellulitis?
inflammation of the skin and connective tissue
170
What is dermatomycosis?
abnormal skin condition caused by superficial fungus; also called dermatophytosis
171
What is dermatophytes?
are superficial fungi that are found on the skin. An example is a fungus that causes ringworm
172
What is dermatosis or dermatoses (plural)?
abnormal skin condition
173
What is discoid lupus erythematosus?
canine autoimmune disease in which the bridge of the nose (and sometmes the face and lips) exhibit depigmentation, erythema, scaling, and erosions - DLE
174
What is dyskeratosis?
abnormal alteration in keratinization
175
What is ecchymosis or ecchymoses (plural)?
purplish nonelevated patch of bleeding into the skin; also called a bruise
176
What is ecthyma?
skin infection with shallow eruptions caused by a pox virus also known as soremouth
177
What is eczema?
general term for inflammatory skin disease characterized by erythema, papules, vesicles, crusts, and scabs either alone or in combination
178
What is eosinophilic ganuloma complex?
collective name for autoimmune lesion of eosinophilic ulcer, eosinophilic plaque, and linear granuloma found in cats and rarely in dogs. Affects the skin, mucocutaneous junctions, and oral mucosa of cats, involving raised, ulcerated plaques
179
What is eosinophilic ulcer, or rodent ulcer is located...?
on the lip and oral mucosa of cats
180
What is eosinophilic plaques are ...
raised pruritic lesions on the ventral abdomen of cats
181
What is linear granulomas located?
in a line usually on he caudal aspect of the hindlimb of cats
182
What is erythema?
skin redness
183
Erythematous means...?
pertaining to redness
184
What is erythroderma?
abnormal redness of skin occurring over a widespread area
185
The combining forms erythr/o, erythem/o, and erythemat/o mean...?
red
186
Exanthema or exanthem (singular) means...?
cutaneous rash caused by fever or disease
187
Feline miliary dermatitis means?
skin disease of cats in which multiple crusts and bumps are present predominantly on the dorsum; the disease can be associated with many causes
188
The fissure is ...?
a cracklike sore
189
What is a fistula or fistulae (plural)?
abnormal passage from an internal organ to the body surface or between two internal organs.
190
What is a flea allergy dermatitis?
inflammation of the skin caused by an allergic reaction to flea saliva; abbreviation FAD.
191
An allergen is ...?
a substance that produces an allergic response
192
What is footrot?
bacterial hoof disease that spreads from the interdigital skin to the deeper foot structures
193
What is frostbite?
tissue damage caused by extreme cold or contact with chemicals with extreme temperature (e.g. liquid nitrogen)
194
What is furuncle?
localized skin infection in a gland or hair follicle; also called a boil
195
Furunculosis means?
the abnormal condition of persistant boils over a period of time
196
Gangrene is...?
necrosis associated with loss of circulation
197
Necrosis means...?
condition of dead tissue
198
Necrotoic means...?
pertaining to dead tissue
199
Putrefaction means...?
decay that produces a foul smell
200
Granuloma means...?
small area of healing tissue
201
Hemangioma means...?
benign tumor composed of newly formed blood vessels
202
Hyperkeratosis or acanthokeratodermia means...?
increased growth of the horny layer of the skin
203
Infestations means...?
occupation and dwelling of a parasite on the external surface of tissue
204
Ectoparasites live on the _____ surface.
extenal
205
Ecto- means...?
outside
206
A louse or lice (plural) is...?
a wingless parasitic
207
Pediculosis is...?
lice infestation
208
A mite is ...?
an insect with a hard exoskeleton and paired, jointed legs
209
Mange is...?
a common term for skin disease caused by mites
210
Two different types of mange are...?
demodetic and sarcoptic
211
C
212
Chiggers are ...?
an infestation by mite larvae that results in severe pruitus
213
Acariasis is...?
an infestation with ticks or mites
214
Maggots are ...?
insect larvae found especially in dead or decaying tissue
215
Myiasis is...?
infestation by fly larvae
216
Keratosis or keratoses (plural) is ...?
abnormal condition of epidermal overgrowth and thickening
217
Laceration is...?
accidental cut into the skin
218
Lesion is...?
a pathologic change of tissue; used to describe abnormalities in many locations
219
Lipoma is...?
benign growth of fat cells; also called fatty tumor; commonly seen in older dogs
220
Macule is ...?
flat, discolored lesion less than 1 cm in diameter; also called macula
221
Melanoma is...?
tumor or growth of pigmented skin cells
222
Malignant melanoma is ...?
the term used to describe cancer of the pigmented skin cells
223
One form is melanoma is amelanotic melanoma which is ....?
an unpigmented malignant melanoma
224
Nodule is ...?
a small knot protruding above the skin
225
Onychomycosis is ...?
superficial fungal infection of the claw
226
What are some examples of surface lesions?
papule, mascule, scale, wheal, plaque, patch, and a crust
227
A papule is...?
a small solid raised lesion that is less than 0.5 cm in diameter
228
A plaque is ...?
a solid raised lesion that is greater than 0l5 cm in diameter
229
A macule is...?
a flat discolored lesion that is less than 1 cm in diameter
230
A patch is ...?
a flat discolored lesion that is greater than 1 cm in diameter
231
A scale is...?
a flaking or dry patch made up of excess dead epidermal cells
232
A crust is ...?
a collection of dried serum and cellular debris
233
A wheal is...?
a smooth, slightly elevated swollen area that is redder or paler than the surrounding skin. It is usually accompanied by itching
234
What are examples of surface lesions?
cyst, pustule, vesicle, bulla, ulcer, and fissure
235
What is a cyst?
a closed sac or pouch containing fluid or semisolid material
236
What is a pustule?
a small circumscribed elevation of the skin containing pus
237
What is a vesicle?
a circumscribed elevation of skin containing fluid that is less than 0.5 cm in diameter
238
A bulla is...?
a large vesicle that is more than 0.5 cm in diameter
239
An ulcer is...?
an open sore or erosion of the skin or mucous membrane resulting in tissue loss
240
A fissure of the skin is...?
a groove or crack-like sore
241
Two examples of fluid-filled lesions ...are
ulcer and fissure
242
Pallor is...?
skin paleness
243
Papilloma is...?
benign epithelial growth that is lobed
244
parakeratosis is ...?
lesion characterized by thick scales, cracking and red raw surface caused by the persistence of keratinocyte nuclei in the horny layer of skin
245
Parakeratosis is...?
lesion characterized by thick scales, cracking, and red raw surface caused by the persistence of keratinocyte nuclei in the horny layer of skin
246
Paronychia is ...?
bacterial or viral infection of the claw
247
Patch is...?
localized skin color change greater than 1 cm diameter
248
Pemphigus is...?
group of immune mediated skin diseases characterized by vesicles, bullae, and ulcers
249
Pemphigus vulgaris is...?
the most common form which consists of shallow ulcerations frequently involving the oral mucosa and mucocutaneous junctions
250
Pemphix is Greek for...?
blister
251
Petechiae or petechia (singular) is...?
a small, pinpoint hemorrhages
252
plaque is ...?
solid raised lesion greater than 0.5 cm in diameter
253
Polyp is...?
a growth from mucous membrane
254
Pruritus means?
itching
255
Purpura means?
condition characterized by hemorrhage into the skin that causes bruising.
256
The two types of purpura are...?
ecchymosis and petechia
257
Pustule means?
small, circumscribed, pus-filled skin elevation
258
Circumscribed means...?
contained in a limited area
259
Pyoderma means?
skin disease containing pus
260
Pus means?
an inflammatory product made up of leukocytes, cell debris, and fluid
261
Purulent means?
containing or producting pus
262
Puppy pyoderma is..?
a skin disease in puppies characterized by pus-containing lesions
263
Juvenile pyoderma is...?
a skin disease in puppies that progresses to a systemic disease characterized by fever,anorexia, and enlarged and abscessing lymph nodes, juvenile pyoderma - also called puppy strangles
264
Sarcoma is...?
a malignant neoplasm of soft tissue arising from connective tissue
265
Scale is...?
* a flake
266
Scar means...?
a mark left by a healing lesion where excess collagen was produced to replace injured tissue; also alled cicatrix which or ciatrices which are multiple scars
267
Sebaceous cyst is...?
closed sac of yellow fatty material
268
A cyst is..?
a closed sac containing fluid or semisolid material
269
Seborrhea is...?
a skin condition characterized by overproduction of sebum (oil)
270
Skin tag is...?
a small growth that hangs from the body by stalks
271
Ulcer means?
erosion of skin or mucous membrane
272
Decubital ulcers are?
erosions of skin or mucous membranes as a result of prolonged pressure; also called bedsores
273
Urticaria is ...?
a localized areas of swelling that itch; also called hives
274
Verrucae are...?
warts
275
Vesicle is...?
contained skin elevation, filled with fluid that is greater than 0.5 cm in diameter; also called a blister, bulla, or bleb
276
Wheal is...?
smooth, slightly raised swollen area that itches
277
Cauterization is...?
destruction of tissue using electric current, heat, or chemicals
278
Cryosurgery is...?
destruction of tissue using extreme cold
279
Debridement is...?
removal of tissue and foreign material to aid healing
280
Lance is...?
to open or pierce with a lancet (scalpel blade) to allow drainage; abscesses are lanced to drain the pus present in an area
281
Laser is a...?
device that transfers light into an intense beam for various purposes; acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation
282
