Ch 2 Flashcards
(178 cards)
1
Q
What is the suffix that means the study of?
A
-logy
2
Q
The study of the nature, causes, and development of abnormal conditions?
A
Pathology
3
Q
What is the study of changes in function caused by disease?
A
pathophysiology
4
Q
What is the study of disease causes?
A
etiology
5
Q
What term is used to describe how the teeth are arranged in the mouth?
A
the dental arcade
6
Q
Arcade means…?
A
a series of arches, which is how the teeth are arranged in the oral cavity
7
Q
The aspect of the tooth that faces the tongue is what surface?
A
lingual surface
8
Q
The tooth surface of the maxilla that faces the tongue is…?
A
the palatal surface
9
Q
The tooth surface of the mandible that faces the tongue is…?
A
The lingual surface
10
Q
What is the aspect of the tooth that faces the cheek?
A
buccal surface sometimes called vestibular surface
11
Q
What is the aspect of the tooth that meet when you chew?
A
The occlusal surfaces
12
Q
What is the tooth surface facing the lips?
A
the labial surface
13
Q
What are the aspects of the tooth that touch other teeth?
A
contact surfaces
14
Q
What are the contact surfaces divided into?
A
mesial and distal
15
Q
What is the mesial surface?
A
the surface that is closest to the midline of the dental arcade or arch
16
Q
What is the distal contact surface?
A
the surface that is furthest from the midline of the dental arcade
17
Q
What is a body cavity?
A
a hole or hollow space in the body that contains and protects internal organs
18
Q
What is the cranial cavity?
A
the hollow space that contains the heart and lungs within the ribs between the neck and diaphragm
19
Q
What is the abdominal cavity?
A
the hollow space that contains the major organs of digestion located between the diaphragm and pelvic cavity
20
Q
What is the peritoneal cavity?
A
the hollow space within the abdominal cavity between the parietal peritoneum and the visceral peritoneum
21
Q
What is the pelvic cavity?
A
the hollow space that contains the reproductive and some excretory systems (urinary bladder and rectum) organs bounded by the pelvic bones
22
Q
Where is the regional term abdomen located?
A
the portion of the body between the thorax and the pelvis containing the abdominal cavity
23
Q
Where is the regional term thorax located?
A
in the chest region located between the neck and diaphragm
24
Q
Where is the regional term groin located?
A
in the lower region of the abdomen adjacent to the thigh; also known as the inguinal area
25
What is the inguinal area also called?
the groin
26
What are membranes?
thin layers of tissue that cover a surface, line a cavity, or divide a space or an organ
27
What is the peritoneum?
the membrane lining the walls of the abdominal and pelvic cavities and it covers some organs in this area
28
What is the parietal peritoneum?
the outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities
29
What is the visceral peritoneum?
the inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the abdominal organs
30
What is inflammation of the peritoneum called?
peritonitis
31
What is the umbilicus?
the pit in the abdominal wall marking the point where the umbilical cord entered the fetus - also called the navel
32
What is the mesentery?
the layer of the peritoneum that suspends parts of the intestine in the abdominal cavity
33
What does retroperitoneal mean?
superficial to the peritoneum
34
What is the only medical term for lying down is ...?
recumbent - modified depending on what side is facing down
35
What does lay mean?
to put, place, or prepare
36
What does laid mean?
past tense of lay
37
What is laying?
present tense of lay
38
What does lie mean?
to recline or be situated?
39
What does laid mean?
past tense of lie
40
What does lying mean?
present tense of lie
41
What does adduction mean?
movement toward the midline
42
What does abduction mean?
movement away from the midline
43
What does flexion mean?
closure of a joint angle, or reduction of the angle between two bones
44
What does extension mean?
straightening of a joint or an increase in the angle between two bones
45
What is hyperflexion and hyperextension?
occur when a joint is flexed or extended too far
Hyperflexion is the palmar or plantar movement of the joint angles. Hyperextension is the dorsal movement of the joints beyond the reference angle
46
What is supination?
the act of rotating the limb or body part so that the palmar surface is turned upward
47
What is pronation?
the act of rotating the limb or body part so that the palmar surface is turned downward
48
What is rotation?
another term of movement that means circular movement around an axis
49
What are cells?
the structural units of the body and are specialized and grouped together to form tissues and organs
50
What is the combining form for cell?
cyt/o
51
What is cytology?
the study of cells?
52
What does the suffix -logy mean?
the study of
53
Cytology means?
studying cell origin, structure, function, and pathology
54
What is the protoplasm?
what the the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus are collectively called
55
What does the suffix -plasm mean?
means formative material of cells
56
What is the combining form prot/o mean?
means first
57
What does cell membrane (or plasma membrane mean?
the structure lining the cell that protects the cell's contents and regulates what goes in and out of the cell
58
What is cytoplasm?
the gelatinous material located in the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus
59
What is the nucleus?
the structure in a cell that contains nucleoplasm, chromosomes, and the surrounding membrane
60
What is nucleoplasm?
the material in the nucleus
61
What are chromosomes?
the structures in the nucleus composed of DNA which transmits genetic information
62
What is genetic?
a term used to denote something that pertains to genes or heredity
63
What is a genetic disorder?
any inherited disease or condition caused by defective genes
64
What is congenital?
denotes something that is present at birth
65
What is an anomaly?
a deviation from what is regarded as normal
66
What is a tissue?
a group of specialized cells that is similar in structure and function
67
What is histology?
the study of the structure, composition, and function of tissue
68
What does the combining form hist/o mean?
the combining form for tissue
69
What are 4 types of tissue?
epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous
70
What is epithelial or epitheleum tissue?
covers, lines, and protects internal and external body surfaces. Also made up of tightly packed cells in a variety of arrangements
71
Epi- is a prefix that means...?
above
72
thel/o is a combining form that means...?
nipple - and any thin membrane
73
-um is a suffix that means...?
structure
74
What is the epithelial tissue further divided into?
mesothelium and endothelium
75
What is endothelium?
the cellular covering that forms the lining of the internal organs including the blood vessels
76
Endo- is a prefix meaning...?
within
77
Mesothelium means...?
the cellular covering that forms the lining of serous membranes such as the peritoneum
78
The prefix meso- means...?
middle
79
Connective tissue means...?
is another tissue type that adds support and structure to the body by holding organs in place and binding body parts together
80
What are some types of connective tissue?
bone, cartilage, dense connective tissue (found in tendons and ligaments), loose connective tissue, and blood
81
What is adipose tissue?
another form of connective tissue, known as fat
82
Adip/o is the combining form for...?
fat
83
What is muscle tissue?
another tissue type that contains cell material with the specialized ability to contract and relax
84
What are the 3 muscle types that exist in animals?
skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
85
What is nervous tissue?
contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and conduct electrical impulses
86
The suffix -plasia means?
used to describe formation, development, and growth of tissue and cell numbers
87
The suffix -trophy means...?
formation, development, and increase in the size of tissue and cells
88
Anaplasia means?
a change in the structure of cells and their orientation to each other
89
Aplasia means?
lack of development of an organ or a tissue or a cell
90
Dysplasia means?
abnormal growth or development of an organ, a tissue or a cell
91
Hyperplasia means?
an abnormal increase in the number of normal cells in normal arrangement in an organ, a tissue, or a cell
92
Hypoplasia means?
incomplete or less than normal development of an organ, a tissue, or a cell
93
Neoplasia means?
any abnormal new growth of tissue in which multiplication of cells is uncontrolled, more rapid than normal, and progressive.
94
Tumors may be ___________ or _____________.
benign or malignant
95
What does benign mean?
not recurring
96
What does malignant mean?
tending to spread and be life threatening
97
The suffix -oma means?
tumor or neoplasm
98
Atrophy means?
decrease in size or complete wasting of an organ, tissue or cell
99
Dystrophy means?
defective growth in the size of an organ, a tissue, or cell
100
Hypertrophy means?
increase in the size of an organ, tissue, or cell
101
The prefix a- and ana - means?
without
102
The prefix hypo - means?
less than normal
103
The prefix hyper- means?
more than normal
104
The prefix dys- means?
bad
105
The prefix neo- means?
new
106
Glands are..?
groups of specialized cells that secrete material used elsewhere in the body
107
Aden/o is the combining form for...?
gland
108
Glands are divided into 2 categories. What are they?
Exocrine and Endocrine
109
Exocrine glands are...?
groups of cells that secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead out of the body or to another organ Examples: sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and the portion of the pancreas that secretes digestive chemicals
110
Endocrine glands are...?
groups of cells that secrete their chemical substances directly into the bloodstream, which transports them throughout the body. They are also ductless. Examples: thyroid gland, the pituitary gland, and the portion of the pancreas that secretes insulin
111
An organ is...?
a part of the body that performs a special function or functions
112
Under the skeletal system, the combining forms for bones are ...?
oste/o, oss/e, oss/i
113
Under the skeletal system, the combining form for joints is...?
arthr/o
114
Under the skeletal system, the combining form for cartilage is...?
chondr/o
115
What are the major functions for the skeletal system that includes bone, joints, & cartilage?
support and shape, protection, hematopoiesis mineral storage
116
Under the muscular system, the combining form for muscles is...?
my/o
117
Under the muscular system, the combining forms for fascia are...?
fasc/i, fasci/o
118
Under the muscular system, the combining forms for tendons are...?
ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o
119
What are the major functions for the muscular system that includes muscles, fascia, and tendons?
locomotion, movement of the body fluids, body heat generation
120
Under the cardiovascular system, the combining form for heart is...?
cardi/o
121
Under the cardiovascular system, the combining form for arteries is...?
arteri/o
122
Under the cardiovascular system, the combining forms for veins are...?
ven/o, phleb/o
123
Under the cardiovascular system, the combining forms for blood are...?
hem/o, hemat/o
124
What are the major functions for the cardiovascular system that includes heart, arteries, veins, and blood?
delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissue, transports cellular waste from the body, performs immune function and endocrine function
125
Under the lymphatic and immune system, the combining form for lymph vessels, fluid and nodes is....?
lymph/o
126
Under the lymphatic and immune system, the combining form for tonsils is...?
tonsill/o
127
Under the lymphatic and immune system, the combining form for spleen is ...?
splen/o
128
Under the lymphatic and immune system, the combining form for thymus is ...?
thym/o
129
What are the major functions for the lymphatic and immune systems that includes lymph vessels, fluid and nodes, tonsils, spleen, and thymus...?
provide nutrients to and remove waste from tissues, protect the body from harmful substances
130
Under the respiratory system, the combining forms for nose or nares are...?
nas/o, rhin/o
131
Under the respiratory system, the combining form for pharynx is...?
pharyng/o
132
Under the respiratory system, the combining form for trachea is...?
trache/o
133
Under the respiratory system, the combining form for larynx is...?
laryng/o
134
Under the respiratory system, the combining forms for lungs are...?
pneum/o, pneumon/o
135
What are the major functions for the respiratory system that includes nose or nares, pharynx, trachea, larynx, lungs?
brings oxygen into the body for transportation to the cells, removes carbon dioxide and some water waste from the body
136
Under the digestive system, the combining forms for mouth are...?
or/o, stomat/o
137
Under the digestive system, the combining form for esophagus is...?
esophag/o
138
Under the digestive system, the combining form for stomach is...?
gastr/o
139
Under the digestive system, the combining form for small intestine is...?
enter/o
140
Under the digestive system, the combining forms for large intestine are...?
col/o, colon/o
141
Under the digestive system, the combining form for liver is...?
hepat/o
142
Under the digestive system, the combining form for pancreas is...?
pancreat/o
143
What are the major functions for the digestive system that includes mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas?
digestion of ingested food, absorption of digested food, elimination of solid waste
144
Under the urinary system, the combining forms for kidneys are...?
ren/o, nephr/o
145
Under the urinary system, the combining form for ureters is...?
ureter/o
146
Under the urinary system, the combining form for urinary bladder is...?
cyst/o
147
Under the urinary system, the combining form for urethra is...?
urethr/o
148
What are the major functions for the urinary system that includes kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra?
filters blood to remove waste, maintains electrolyte balance, regulates fluid balance
149
Under the nervous system and special senses, the combining forms for nerves are...?
neur/o, neur/i
150
Under the nervous system and special senses, the combining form for brain is...?
encephal/o
151
Under the nervous system and special senses, the combining form for spinal cord is...?
myel/o
152
Under the nervous system and special senses, the combining forms for eyes are...?
ophthalm/o, ocul/o, opt/o, opt/i
153
Under the nervous system and special senses, the combining form for sight is...?
optic/o
154
Under the nervous system and special senses, the combining forms for ears are...?
ot/o, aur/i, aur/o, audit/o, aud/i
155
Under the nervous system and special senses, the combining forms for external ear = sound are...?
acoust/o, acous/o
156
What are the major functions for the nervous system and special senses that includes nerves, brain, spinal cord, eyes, sight, ears, external ear = sound?
coordinating mechanism, reception of stimuli, transmission of messages
157
Under the integumentary system, the combining forms for skin are...?
dermat/o, derm/o, cutane/o
158
What are the major functions for the integumentary system that includes skin?
protection of body, temperature, and water regulation
159
Under the endocrine system, the combining form for adrenals is...?
adren/o
160
Under the endocrine system, the combining form for gonads is...?
gonad/o
161
Under the endocrine system, the combining form for pineal is...?
pineal/o
162
Under the endocrine system, the combining form for pituitary is...?
pituit/o
163
Under the endocrine system, the combining forms for thyroid are...?
thyroid/o, thyr/o
164
What are the major functions for the endocrine system that includes adrenals, gonads, pineal, pituitary, thyroid?
integrates body functions, homeostasis, growth
165
Under the reproductive system, the combining forms for testes are...?
orch/o, orchi/o, orchid/o, testicul/o
166
Under the reproductive system, the combining forms for ovaries are...?
ovari/o, oophor/o,
167
Under the reproductive system, the combining forms for uterus are...?
hyster/o, metr/o, metr/i, metri/o, uter/o
168
What are the major functions for the reproductive system that includes testes, ovaries, uterus?
production of new life
169
uni- , mono- means?
mono
170
duo-, bi-, dyo- means?
two
171
tri- means?
three
172
quadri- or quadro-, tetr- or tetra- means?
four
173
quinqu-, quint-, pent- or penta- means?
five
174
sex-, hex- or hexa- means?
six
175
sept-, septi-, hept- or hepta- means?
seven
176
octo-, oct-, octa-, or octo- means?
eight
177
novem- or nonus-, ennea- means?
nine
178
deca- or decem-, dek- or deka- means?
ten
