Ch. 10 - voice theories

Question 1

complex way we convert intention into speech from a physical perspective

Answer 1

Speech motor control

Question 2

where body parts related to motor mvts are in 3D space at any given moment during the activity

Answer 2

Spatial organization

Question 3

WHEN separate mvts in motor mvts occur in relation to each other

Answer 3

Temporal organization

Question 4

phenomenon derived from interpreting facts in an integrated manner

Answer 4

Theory

Question 5

tentative theory based on observed phenomenon

Answer 5

Hypothesis

Question 6

means of simplifying complex systems or processes; come close to real-world system but include only most essential variables

Answer 6

model

Question 7

possible ways a body part can move called ___ of ___

Answer 7

Degrees of freedom

Question 8

prestructured set of central commands capable of carrying out a mvt

Answer 8

Motor program

Question 9

VPI stands for

Answer 9

velopharyngeal incompetence

Question 10

transfer of a portion of system’s output back to input for regulation and error correction

Answer 10

Sensory feedback

Question 11

mechanism that controls action not a central part of activity (ie turning on a toaster) is called ___ feedback loop

Answer 11

Open

Question 12

controlling action dependent on the output (feedback is a portion of output) is called ___ feedback loop

Answer 12

closed

Question 13

in a ___ model, adjustments in speech production made at periphery of system

Answer 13

feedforward

Question 14

what does DIVA stand for

Answer 14

Directions into velocities of articulators

Question 15

this model of speech production describes network of regions in brain that regulate acquisition and production of speech

Answer 15

DIVA

Question 16

In the DIVA model, speech production includes a ___ control system that gives motor commands and a ___ control system that is a collection of sensory info

Answer 16

feed-forward, feedback

Question 17

Objective of these approaches: explain a mechanism that would reduce/constrain potentially infinite # of degrees of freedom to a few effective degrees of freedom

Answer 17

dynamical systems

Question 18

a changeable set of muscles that work together in a dynamical system

Answer 18

coordinative structure

Question 19

____ dynamics = spatial dimension and time dimension

Answer 19

Spatiotemporal

Question 20

timing of sequence of positions in spatiotemporal organization is called

Answer 20

trajectory

Question 21

index of consistency of mvt across 10 repetitions of an utterance (abbreviated __ __ __)

Answer 21

Spatiotemporal index or STI

Question 22

in this voice model, various elements process info simultaneously and interact with each other

Answer 22

connectionist

Question 23

computer programs that use connectionist and PDP theories to model CNS and PNS activity in speech motor control

Answer 23

Neural networks

Question 24

Study where disturbance to vocal tract is used in test, measures adaptive response

Answer 24

perturbation

Question 25

number of spoken syllables per second, excluding when speaker pauses to recall something

Answer 25

speech rate

Question 26

this speech evolution perspective studies emergence of speech/language birth-adulthood

Answer 26

ontogenetic

Question 27

this speech evolution perspective examines language in speaker’s mind and how leads to use of language/speech

Answer 27

microgenetic

Question 28

this speech evolution perspective studies similarities/differences between humans and other organisms, including physical basis for speech and language

Answer 28

Phylogenetic view

Question 29

perturbation studies can either use ___ or ___ perturbations

Answer 29

static; dynamics