Ch. 5 - Phonation I

Question 1

space just below the pharynx

Answer 1

Hypopharynx

Question 2

generation of sound by means of vocal fold vibration

Answer 2

Phonation

Question 3

Three unpaired cartilages of the larynx

Answer 3

Cricoid
Thyroid
Epiglottis

Question 4

Three paired cartilages of the larynx

Answer 4

Arytenoids
Corniculate
Cuneiform

Question 5

uppermost cavity of the larynx, stops at false vocal folds

Answer 5

Vestibule

Question 6

space between ventricular VF and true VF

Answer 6

Laryngeal ventricle

Question 7

Also known as false VF

Answer 7

Ventricular folds

Question 8

wells on either side of the larynx are called __ __

Answer 8

piriform sinuses

Question 9

voice patterns leading to traumatic tissue changes of VF

Answer 9

phonotrauma

Question 10

four responsibilities of intrinsic laryngeal muscles

Answer 10

PITA

1) fine motor control for regulation of fundamental pitch
2) intensity
3) tonal quality
4) aerodynamic regulation

Question 11

only intrinsic laryngeal muscle able to abduct VF

Answer 11

posterior cricoarytenoid

Question 12

two main roles of external laryngeal muscles

Answer 12

-Adjusting overall position of larynx
-Stabilizing larynx so internal muscles can do their thing

Question 13

space between the VF

Answer 13

Glottis

Question 14

area above VF is called __glottis and below is called ___glottis

Answer 14

supra; sub

Question 15

Medial edge of VF that borders glottis is the __ ___

Answer 15

free margin

Question 16

this covers the epithelium of the VF with mucous from above and below the glottis

Answer 16

mucoserous blanket

Question 17

In the body-cover model of the vocal folds, the cover consists of:

Answer 17

1) epithelium
2) SLP
3) ILP

Question 18

In the body-cover model of the vocal folds, the body consists of:

Answer 18

1) DLP
2) Muscle

Question 19

Which VF model splits the VFs into two main parts?

Answer 19

body-cover model

Question 20

superficial lamina propria is also known as

Answer 20

Reinke’s space

Question 21

Which VF model splits the VFs into three main parts?

Answer 21

three-layer model

Question 22

What are the three parts of the three-layer VF model?

Answer 22

1) mucosa
2) transition or vocal ligament
3) body

Question 23

In the three-layer VF model, what makes up the mucosa?

Answer 23

epithelium and SLP

Question 24

In the three-layer VF model, what makes up the transition?

Answer 24

ILP and DLP aka vocal ligament

Question 25

In the three-layer VF model, what makes up the body?

Answer 25

TA muscle

Question 26

cricothyroid joints composed of these two parts

Answer 26

1) inner surface of inferior horns of thyroid cartilage 2) sides of cricoid cartilage

Question 27

in the larynx, movement of the ___ joint is primarily down and forward

Answer 27

cricothyroid

Question 28

in the larynx, movement of the ____ joints are primarily rocking and gliding

Answer 28

cricoarytenoid

Question 29

Blood supply to larynx from the __ ___ artery

Answer 29

common carotid

Question 30

all motor innervations of the internal larynx muscles are provided by the ___ laryngeal nerve EXCEPT for the __ muscle

Answer 30

recurrent; cricothyroid

Question 31

the ____ laryngeal nerve innervates the motor functions of the cricothyroid muscle

Answer 31

superior

Question 32

these two branches of the vagus nerve are responsible for intrinsic laryngeal innervation

Answer 32

superior laryngeal nerve and recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 33

loop of nerves in neck formed by junction of CN XII, C2 and C3 spinal nerves is called __ __

Answer 33

Ansa cervicalis

Question 34

these two innervate the infrahyoids

Answer 34

Ansa cervicalis and C1 spinal nerve

Question 35

Afferent information from the larynx, specifically above the glottis, comes from the ___ laryngeal nerve

Answer 35

superior

Question 36

Afferent information from the larynx, specifically below the glottis, comes from the ___ laryngeal nerve

Answer 36

recurrent

Question 37

current theory of vocal production is called

Answer 37

Myoelastic-aerodynamic theory

Question 38

“In a fluid under movement, pressure exerted by fluid on a surface decreases as velocity of fluid across surface increases”

Answer 38

Bernoulli effect

Question 39

the myoelastic-aerodynamic theory emphasizes the interdependence of the Bernoulli effect and the ___, ___ per unit of length, and ___ of the VF

Answer 39

tension; mass; elasticity

Question 40

a force used to stretch or elongate

Answer 40

tension

Question 41

the VF medially coming together is called __ or __

Answer 41

adduction; approximation

Question 42

Top of VF more open than bottom =

Answer 42

divergent-shaped glottis

Question 43

Bottom of VF more open than top =

Answer 43

convergent-shaped glottis

Question 44

both elastic resistance of VF tissues and ease with which VF return to orig shape and position

Answer 44

viscoelasticity

Question 45

in VF, traveling wave of mucosa from inf. to sup. margin and continuing laterally toward boundary between VF and laryngeal ventricle

Answer 45

mucosal wave

Question 46

difference between pressure just above and below VF

Answer 46

transglottal pressure

Question 47

another name for transglottal pressure

Answer 47

driving pressure

Question 48

volume of air flowing through glottis as function of time during phonation (2 names for this)

Answer 48

glottal volume velocity or transglottal airflow

Question 49

plot of glottal volume velocity is called

Answer 49

glottal waveform

Question 50

measure of amount of resistance VF offer to airflow is called __ resistance or __ __ resistance

Answer 50

glottal Laryngeal airway

Question 51

minimal lung pressure required for phonation is called __ __ __

Answer 51

phonation threshold pressure

Question 52

____ phonation takes more air pressure than ___ phonation because of inertia and momentum

Answer 52

starting; maintaining

Question 53

three main vocal onset categories

Answer 53

1) simultaneous/gentle 2) breathy 3) glottal

Question 54

duration from onset of sound to moment where amplitude of sound wave reaches steady state

Answer 54

vocal rise time

Question 55

formula for stress

Answer 55

force/unit area

Question 56

"Length of change of tissue in direction of force / tissue’s resting length" is formula for what?

Answer 56

strain

Question 57

the primary body part responsible for changing pitch is ___, the secondary is ___, and the third is ___

Answer 57

CT muscle, TA muscle, lung pressure

Question 58

Vocal fold stiffness mostly determined by VF ___

Answer 58

length

Question 59

these three laryngeal cartilages are mostly made of hyaline cartilage, which means they are a bit harder and eventually ossify

Answer 59

cricoid, thyroid, arytenoids

Question 60

the uppermost part of the ___ ___ is the vocal ligament

Answer 60

conus elasticus

Question 61

the supraglottic space is also known as the ___

Answer 61

vestibule

Question 62

this muscle relaxes the VF

Answer 62

thyromuscularis

Question 63

two main VF tensors (other than CT)

Answer 63

thyrovocalis, medial portion of TA

Question 64

where far ends of VF meet

Answer 64

Anterior/posterior commissure

Question 65

this part of the VF does not vibrate

Answer 65

posterior/cartilaginous

Question 66

with the contraction of the CT muscle, the fundamental frequency ___

Answer 66

raises

Question 67

with the contraction of the TA muscle, the fundamental frequency ___

Answer 67

can raise or lower

Question 68

with increased subglottal pressure, fundamental frequency ___

Answer 68

raises

Question 69

with moderate to high intensity sounds, this muscle is almost always involved

Answer 69

TA

Question 70

If fo varies freely, dynamic stretch due to lung pressure can result in increase in fo of ≈ ___ Hz per kPa of pressure

Answer 70

20

Question 71

amount of power in sound pressure wave = its ___

Answer 71

amplitude

Question 72

intensity increases as ____ of amplitude, aka 2(amplitude) = X(intensity)

Answer 72

square; 4

Question 73

___ ___ is main determiner of intensity

Answer 73

Lung pressure

Question 74

On average, __-__ SPL increase with doubling of lung pressure

Answer 74

8-12

Question 75

ratio of air pressure to airflow at level of glottis

Answer 75

Glottal resistance

Question 76

what are three ways VF are different during greater vocal intensity?

Answer 76

Duration of closed phase increased Degree of closure increased Speed of glottal closure faster

Question 77

tendency to increase intensity in high ambient noise

Answer 77

Lombard Effect

Question 78

force that contributes to upheaval of tissue, moving parallel to surface

Answer 78

Shear force

Question 79

perceptual attribute that describe sound of voice beyond pitch and loudness

Answer 79

Voice Quality

Question 80

breathy vocal quality is associated with ____ glottal closure

Answer 80

incomplete

Question 81

pressed vocal quality is associated with reduced ___ phase

Answer 81

open

Question 82

rough vocal quality is associated with ___ mucosal wave

Answer 82

irregular

Question 83

MTD is a type of __ ___ __ ___

Answer 83

Dysregulated laryngeal muscle activity

Question 84

four main types of voice disorders

Answer 84

1) Phonotrauma 2) Dysregulated laryngeal muscle activity 3) Neurological impairment 4) Nonneurological laryngeal or systematic disease

Question 85

for a voice disorder, the doctor diagnoses the ____ and the SLP diagnoses the ___

Answer 85

underlying disease; functional result of the problem

Question 86

SLPs ____ a patient's maladaptive practices and ____ new sustainable ones

Answer 86

correct; teach