Ch. 7 - Vowels

Question 1

speech sound produced with one/more areas of vocal tract narrowed

Answer 1

Consonant

Question 2

speech sound produced by relatively free passage of airstream through larynx/oral cavity

Answer 2

Vowel

Question 3

Two main principles of source filter theory

Answer 3

1) Specific articulatory postures make specific sounds
2) Speech production can be broken down into two major components - sound source and resonator

Question 4

integer multiples of the fundamental freq

Answer 4

Harmonics

Question 5

input energy for acoustic resonator

Answer 5

Source spectrum

Question 6

concentration of energy around particular freq in acoustic wave

Answer 6

Formant

Question 7

resonance characteristics of VT called __ __

Answer 7

Transfer function

Question 8

Constrictions of the VT achieved by these four

Answer 8

Tongue
Jaw
Lips
Pharynx

Question 9

VT constriction is called ____ in acoustics because it’s a disturbance of the normal length

Answer 9

perturbation

Question 10

Constriction at or near an antinode ___ the frequency of the formant

Answer 10

lowers

Question 11

Constriction at or near a node ___ the frequency of a formant

Answer 11

raises

Question 12

Lowering jaw tends to naturally constrict the ___

Answer 12

hypopharynx

Question 13

which formant is most influenced by lips and lower pharynx?

Answer 13

F1

Question 14

Which formant is most influenced by the back of tongue?

Answer 14

F2

Question 15

Which formant is most influenced by the tip of tongue?

Answer 15

F3

Question 16

four corner vowels

Answer 16

/i/, /u/, /æ/, /ɑ/

Question 17

Frequency of first formant ___ influences perception of vowel height

Answer 17

inversely

Question 18

As vowel quality move forward, F1 and F2 become more ___

Answer 18

separated

Question 19

to lower a formant, you can __ the __

Answer 19

constrict lips

Question 20

if one area of the tongue is compressed, another part of the tongue has to expand. The word for this type of body part is ___

Answer 20

noncompressible

Question 21

____ is the major regulator of intensity, but ___also contributes

Answer 21

Lung pressure; vocal tract resonance characteristics

Question 22

this is believed to be clustering of third, fourth, fifth formants at around 2500-3000 Hz

Answer 22

singer’s formant

Question 23

When talking about where formants are, we’re talking about these two:

Answer 23

Center frequency
Bandwidth

Question 24

An ___ ___ selectively passes frequency components of complex wave

Answer 24

acoustic filter

Question 25

to decrease in amplitude

Answer 25

Attenuate

Question 26

A ___-pass filter blocks high-freq components of wave and allows low-freq to pass

Answer 26

low

Question 27

A ___-pass filter blocks low-freq components of wave and allows high-freq to pass

Answer 27

high

Question 28

the frequency where a certain filter stops or starts

Answer 28

Frequency cutoff

Question 29

filter with both low and high-pass cutoffs

Answer 29

band-pass filter

Question 30

Type of tuning depends on how quickly frequencies are ___

Answer 30

attenuated

Question 31

freq at which amplitude of freq is decreased by 3 dB

Answer 31

half-power point

Question 32

midpoint or peak of a filter

Answer 32

Center frequency

Question 33

width in Hz of filter’s peak such that half of acoustic energy contained within stated range

Answer 33

Bandwidth

Question 34

The higher the vowel, the ___ the first formant

Answer 34

lower

Question 35

front vowels tend to have a big gap between F__ and F__, small gap between F__ and F__

Answer 35

1/2, 2/3

Question 36

front vowels tend to have a big gap between F__ and F__, small gap between F__ and F__

Answer 36

2/3, 1/2

Question 37

As F1 and F2 move closer, the vowels sounds farther ___

Answer 37

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