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Anatomy and Phisyology I > Ch 11 > Flashcards

Ch 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

Three basic functions of the nervous system

A

Sensory inputs - info gathered by sensory receptors
Integration - processing/interpretation of sensory receptos
Motor input - activation of effector organs, produces response

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2
Q

Functional divisons of PNS (2)

A

Sensory division - afferent (arrive), conveys impulses to CNS (arrive)
Motor division - efferent (exit), impulses from CNS to efferent organs

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3
Q

Subdivision of PNS motor division

A

Somatic NS
Autonomic NS

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4
Q

Somatic NS

A

impulses from CNS to skeletal muscle

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5
Q

Autonomic NS

A

impulses from CNS to smooth and cardiac muscle/glands

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6
Q

Two types of effector organs

A

Muscles and glands

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7
Q

Cells found in nervous tissue?

A

Neuroglia and neurons

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8
Q

Types of CNS neuroglia (glial cells)

A

Atrocytes
Microglial
Ependymal
Oligodendrocytes

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9
Q

Astrocytes

A
  • Supports neurons
  • Controls chem environment around neuron
  • helps in exchanges between capilaries and neurons
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10
Q

Microglial

A
  • monitors neurons
  • phagocytize microorganisms
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11
Q

Ependymal

A

-lines cavites of brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

-form myelin sheaths around CNS nerve fibers

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13
Q

Types of PNS found in Neuroglia

A

Satellite cells
Schwanna cells

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14
Q

Satellite cells

A

-surround neuron cell bodies

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15
Q

Schwann cells

A

-form myelin sheaths around PNS nerve fibers

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16
Q

Phagocytizes dead neurons and invading microorganisma

A

Microglial

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17
Q

Lines the central cavities of brain and spinal cord

A

Ependymal cells

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18
Q

forms myelin sheaths in CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

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19
Q

forms myelin sheaths in PNS

A

Schwann cells

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20
Q

Neurons ar amitotic. what does this mean?

A

can’t divide by mitosis

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21
Q

Cell body functions

A

is the biosynthstic center - synthesizes proteins and membrane

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22
Q

Dendrites function

A

input - conveys incoming signals toward cell body

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23
Q

Axon function

A

conducting region of neuron

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24
Q

Axon terminal function

A

secrete neurontransmitters, can excite/inhibit other neurons

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25
What is chromatophilic substance?
Rough ER in cell body
26
What is the axon hillock?
cone shaped, connects axon to cell body
27
What is myelin?
Whitish protein lipid substance
28
2 functions of myelin sheath
-Protects and electrically insulates axon -Increases speed of nerve impulse transmission
29
Myelination in the PNS
schwann cells, wrap around axon, one cell forms one segment of sheath
30
Myelination in the CNS
process of oliodendrocytes, each cell can wrap up to 60 axons at once
31
Nuclei
clusters of neuron cell bodies - in CNS
32
Ganglia
clusters of neuron cell bodies - in PNS
33
Tracts
bundles of neuron processes - in CNS
34
Nerves
bundles of neuron processes - in PNS
35
Structural classifications of neurons depends on...
number of processes
36
Multipolar neuron
3 or more processes, 1 axon (motor neurons and interneurons)
37
Bipolar neuron
2 processes, 1 axon, 1 dendrite (some sensory)
38
Unipolar neuron
1 process (axon) - splits into branches (most sensory neurons)
39
Interneurons are
nerve impulses traveling between neurons
40
What is a membrane potential?
voltage across the plasma membrane
41
What is the value of the resting mebrane potential of a typical neuron?
-70 ml
42
Leakage channels are
always open
43
Chemically gated ion channels
open only with binding of a specifc chemical
44
Voltage gated ion channels
open/close in response to changes in membrane potential
45
Mechanically gated ion channels
Open and close in response to physical deformation of sensory receptors
46
When a goated ion is open how do ions diffuse (chem)
along chemical (concentration) gradients, high concentration --> lower concentraton
47
When a goated ion is open how do ions diffuse (electrical)
along electrical gradients, toward opposite electrical charges
48
How is the resting membrane potential is generated
differences in Na and K concentrations in the ECF and ICF, differences in permeability of the plasma membrance to these ions
49
Which ion is more concentrated in the ECF?
Na+
50
What is the major anion in the ECF?
Cl-
51
Which ion is more concentrated in the ICF?
K+
52
What is the major anion in the ICF?
A-
53
What ion channels are responsible for resting potential?
Leakage channels
54
Depolarization
Membrane potential becomes less negative (on a graph, going up towards zero)
55
Hyperpolarization
membrane potential becomes more negative than resting state (overcompensation)
56
What ion channels are responsible for graded potentials?
Chemically gated ion channels (on the cell body and dendrites)
57
What is an AP?
rapid sequence of changes in voltage across a membrane
58
Where on a neuron is an AP generated?
Axons of neurons
59
Which type of ion channels is responsible for AP?
Voltage gated ion channels
60
In an AP, the resting state is..
when all gated Na+ and K+ channels are closed (no ions moving in or out)
61
In an AP, depolarization is...
when voltage gated Na+ channels open and Na+ rushes into the cell
62
In an AP, repolarization is...
when Na+ channels close, and voltage gated K+ channels open and K+ rushes out of the cell
63
In an AP, hyperpolarization is...
when Na+ is at resting state, but some K+ voltage channels are open
64
What does the potassium pump do
Maintain resting membrane potential
65
Do action potentials die out with distance?
No they maintain the same strength because they are an all or nothing phenomenon
66
Difference between weak and strong stimulus?
frequency of impulses
67
Absolute refractory period
neuron is UNABLE to generate a second AP because there are not enough Na+ channels ready to open
68
Relative refractory period
neuron CAN generate a second AP, but a stronger stimulus is required because K+ channels remain open
69
Continuous conduction
slow conduction that occurs in non-myelinated axons
70
Saltatory conduction
occurs only in myelinated axons; about 30X faster
71
AP conduction is faster with...
the presence of myelin thicker axon diameter
72
Synapse
junction across which information is transferred from neuron to neuron
73
Presynaptic neuron
neuron conducting impulses toward synapse (sends information
74
Postsynaptic neuron
neuron transmitting electrical signal away from synapse (receives information)
75
Most synapses are between _____ of one neuron and the _______ or______ of another neuron
Axon terminals , dendrites , cell body
76
Chemical synapse VS electrical synapse
chem - neuron to neuron using chemical neurotransmitters electrical - neurons connected by gap junctions
77
Chemical synapse steps (6)
1) Action potential arrives at axon terminal 2) Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open, and Ca2+ enters axon terminal 3) Ca2+ entry causes synaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitter by exocytosis 4) Neurotransmitter diffuses across synaptic cleft and binds to specific receptors on postsynaptic membrane 5) Binding of neurotransmitter opens ion channels, creating graded potentials 6) Neurotransmitter effects are terminated by
78
3 ways to end the effects of a neurotransmitter at a synapse
1) reuptake b astrocytes or axon terminals 2) degradation by enzymes 3) diffusion away from synapse
79
EPSP (extracellular postsynaptic potential)
-results in depolarization -closer to AP threshold -more likely to fire AP
80
IPSP (intercellular)
-results in hyperpolarization -away from AP threshold -less likely to fire
81
Graded potentials vs action potentials
look at SG
82
Temporal summation
Two EPSPs close in time add together
83
Spatial summation
Two EPSPs at same time from different locations add together
84

Anatomy and Phisyology I (9 decks)

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