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Anatomy and Phisyology I > Ch 13 > Flashcards

Ch 13 Flashcards

(106 cards)

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1
Q

Define sensory receptor

A

specialized to respond to stimuli (changes to environment)

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2
Q

What is the difference between sensation and perception?

A

sensation is the awareness of stimulus but perception is the interpretation of stimulus

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3
Q

How do you classify sensory receptors

A

type of stimulu, body location, structural complexity

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4
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

responds to touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch

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5
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

responds to changes in temperature

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6
Q

Photoreceptors

A

responds to light energy

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7
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

responds to chemicals in solution

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8
Q

Nociceptors

A

respond to pain-causing stimuli

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9
Q

Exteroceptors

A

responds to stimuli arising outside body (touch, pressure, pain, temperature)

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10
Q

Interoceptors

A

respond to stimuli arising in internal organs (chemical changes and tissue stretch)

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11
Q

Proprioceptors

A

responds to stretch in muscles, tendons, joints, informs brain of body position

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12
Q

How do general senses differ from special senses?

A

general are found throughout the body while special are held in complex organs

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13
Q

What types of sensations are monitored by general sensory receptors?

A

tactile senses, temperature, pain, proprioception (muscle and tendon stretch)

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14
Q

characteristics of free nerve endings

A

widely distributed and nonencapsulated

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15
Q

function of free nerve endings

A

responds to changes in temp and painful stimuli

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16
Q

function of epithelial tactile complexes

A

light pressure receptors

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17
Q

characteristics of epithelial tactile coplexes

A

in deep epidermis and nonencapsulated

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18
Q

function of hair follicle receptors

A

detects the bending of hairs

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19
Q

characteristics of hair follicle recpetors

A

surrounds hair follicles and nonencapsulated

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20
Q

function of Tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscles

A

responds to light touch

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21
Q

characteristics of Tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscles

A

dermal papillae of hairless skin and capsulated

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22
Q

function of Lamerllar (Pacinian) corpuscles

A

responds to deep pressure and vibration

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23
Q

characteristics of Lamerllar (Pacinian) corpuscles

A

in deep dermis and subcutaneous tissue and encapsulated

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24
Q

function of muscle spindles

A

proprioceptors that detect muscle stretch (in muscles and encapsulated)

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25
function of Tendon organs
proprioceptors that detect tendon stretch (in tendon and encapsulated)
26
function of joint kinesthetic receptors
proprioceptors that monitor stretch in joint capsules (in joints and encapsulated)
27
Which three receptors are classified as proprioceptors?
muscle spindles, tendon organs, and joint kinesthetic receptors
28
which receptors function as both thermoreceptors and nociceptors?
Free nerve endings
29
What is the somatosensory system?
part of sensory system serving body wall and limbs
30
three levels of somatosensory
receptor level, circuit level, perceptual level
31
receptor level occurs where?
in sensory receptor and transmission to CNS
32
circuit level occurs where?
in ascending pathways
33
perceptual level occurs where?
in cortical sensory centers
34
what three things need to happen in order for a receptor to generate a signal in response to a stimulus?
1. stimulus energy must match specificity of receptor 2. stimulus energy must be converted into graded potentials 3. graded potentials must reach threshold to generate AP
35
Transduction
stimulus energy converted into graded potential
36
adaptation
change in receptor sensitivity in presence of a constant stimuli
37
phasic receptors
fast adapting, sends signals at beginning and end of stimulus
38
tonic receptors
little to no adaptation, keep firing as long as stimulus present
39
what are two examples of tonic receptors
nociceptors and proprioceptors
40
define nerve
bundles of axons in PNS connective tissue
41
define ganglia
neuron cell bodies associated with nerves
42
what are two major types of ganglia in the PNS
dorsal root ganglia and autonomic ganglia
43
connective tissue layer endoneurium
surrounds individual axons
44
connective tissue layer perineurium
bundles axons into fascicles
45
connective tissue layer epineurium
fibrous tissue around entire nerve
46
what is the basis for classifying nerves as sensory, motor, or mixed?
the direction in which they transmit impulses
47
sensory nerves (afferent)
carry impulses only TOWARD the cns
48
motor nerves (efferent)
carry impulses only AWAY form cns
49
mixed nerves
both motor and sensory
50
what type of nerve is most common?
Mixed nerves
51
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
12
52
CN I = Olfactory
carries sensory nerve fibers, responsible for smell
53
CN II = Optic
carries sensory nerve fibers, responsible for vision
54
CN III = Oculomotor
carries Parasympathetic motor fibers, supplies 4/6 of extrinsic eye muscles
55
IV = Trochlear
carries motor, controls eye movements
56
V = Trigeminal
carries mixed fibers, motor - controls muscles of mastication sensory - skin of face
57
VI = Abducens
carries motor, eye movements, supplies one extrinsic eye muscle
58
VII = Facial
carries mixed, motor - facial expressions sensory - taste
59
VIII = Vestibulocochlear
carries sensory, hearing and balance
60
IX = Glossopharyngeal
carries mixed, sensory - taste parasympathetic motor - muscles in throat
61
X = Vagus
carries mixed parasympathetic to organs of thoracic and abdominal cavities
62
XI = Accessory
motor, supplies muscles of neck
63
XII = Hypoglossal
motor, supplies muscle of tongue
64
What three cranial nerves are involved in ocntrolling movements of the eyes?
trochear (IV), oculomotor (III), abducens (VI)
65
Which four cranial nerves carry parasympathetic motor fibers?
oculomotor (III), facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X)
66
what three cranial nerves transmit taste signals
facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), and vagus (X)
67
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31
68
All spinal nerves carry sensory and motor fibers meaning they are
mixed nerves
69
Dorsal root
contain SENSORY axons entering spinal cord
70
Ventral root
contain MOTOR axons leaving spinal cord
71
dorsal ramus
smaller branch that supplies posterior body trunk
72
ventral ramus
larger branch that supplies rest of trunk and limbs
73
What is a nerve plexus?
a network of interconnecting nerves
74
which group of spinal nerves does not form a nerve plexus? what nerves are formed by the ventral rami in this region?
ventral rami of T2-T12 intercoastal nerves (run between ribs)
75
cervical plexus
supplies posterior head and neck
76
brachial plexus
suplies upper limb
77
lumbar plexus
supplies thigh and abdominal wall
78
sacral plexus
buttock, lower limb, and pelvis
79
what is the significance of the phrenic nerve? which nerve plexus does it arise from?
motor nerve of diaphragm cervical plexus
80
what is the significance of the sciatic nerves? which nerve plexus does it arise from?
innervates posterior thigh and leg muscles lumbar plexus
81
define a dermatome
area of skin innervated by cutaneous branches of a single spinal nerve
82
define a reflex (inborn, not learned)
rapid, involuntary, predictable motor response to a stimulus
83
distinguish between a somatic reflex and an autonomic reflex
somatic - activates skeletal autonomic - actives smooth/cardiac (visceral)
84
what are the five components of a reflex arc?
1. Receptor 2. Sensory neuron 3. Integration Center 4. Motor neuron 5. Effector
85
Which component of a reflex arc: Sends efferent impulses to an effector?
4. Motor neuron
86
Which component of a reflex arc: Sends afferent impulses to an integration center?
2. Sensory neuron
87
Which component of a reflex arc: Often includes one or more interneurons?
3. Integration neurons
88
Which component of a reflex arc: Is activated by a stimulus?
1. Receptor
89
Which component of a reflex arc: Can be either a muscle fiber or gland cell?
5. Effector
90
Which component of a reflex arc: Is located entirely within the CNS?
4. Integration center
91
In a stretch reflex: what is the receptor?
muscle spindle
92
In a stretch reflex: How is this receptor activated?
when a muscle fiber is stretched
93
In a stretch reflex: what is the response of the stretched muscle?
to contract
94
In a stretch reflex: what is the response in the antagonist muscle?
to relax
95
Why is a stretch reflex important?
it helps maintain muscles at a constant length
96
In a patellar reflex: what is the receptor?
quadriceps
97
In a patellar reflex: What is the effector?
hamstrings
98
In a patellar reflex: What is the response when the patellar ligament is tapped?
knee jerk
99
In a patellar reflex: What type of reflex is this an example of?
stretch reflex
100
In the tendon reflex: What is the receptor?
tendon organ
101
In the tendon reflex: how is this receptor activated?
when muscle tension increases
102
In the tendon reflex: What is the response?
muscle relaxes and lengthens contracts
103
In the tendon reflex: Why is this reflex important?
prevents muscles and tendons from tearing
104
What initiates the flexor reflex?
a painful stimulus
105
What is the response to the flexor reflex?
automatic withdrawl
106
Describe the crossed-extensor reflex that occurs when you step on a tack with your right foot.
Your right leg withdrawals (flexor reflex) Your left leg extends

Anatomy and Phisyology I (9 decks)

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