Ch 12 Flashcards
(125 cards)
1
Q
Four major regions of the adult brain
A
cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum
2
Q
Gray matter
A
neuron cells bodies
3
Q
White matter
A
myelinated axons
4
Q
Spinal cord
A
inner gray matter (butterfly), outer white matter
5
Q
Brain stem
A
additional gray matter nuclei scattered with in white matter
6
Q
Cerebral hemipheres and cerebellum
A
outer layer of gray matter (cortex), scattered gray matter nuclei with in white matter
7
Q
What are ventricles? What do they contain?
A
Cerebrospinal fluid
8
Q
Paired ventricles found within the cerebral hemisphere:
A
lateral ventricles
9
Q
Ventricle found within the diencephalon
A
third ventricle
10
Q
Ventricle that opens into the subarachnoid space
A
fourth ventricle
11
Q
The interventricular foramen on each side connects the _________ and the ________
A
third and lateral ventricle
12
Q
The cerebral aqueduct connects the ______ to the _______
A
third to the fourth ventricle
13
Q
gyrus
A
ridge
14
Q
sulcus
A
shallow groove
15
Q
fissure
A
deep groove
16
Q
longitudinal fissure sperates
A
two hemispheres
17
Q
tranverse cerebral fissure seperates
A
seperates cerebral hemispheres from cerebellum
18
Q
the central sulcus seperates
A
the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe from the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe
19
Q
the lateral sulcus seperates
A
the temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobes
20
Q
What are the three major regions of the cerebral hemispheres?
A
cerebral cortex (gray), white matter, basal nuclei (gray)
21
Q
Three functional areas found in the cerebral cortex
A
motor areas: control voluntary movement
sensory areas: provide conscious awareness of sensation
association areas: integrate diverse information
22
Q
what does contralateral mean?
A
the hemispheres control opposite sides of the body
23
Q
Which lobe contains the motor areas?
A
frontal lobe
24
Q
primary motor cortex - function - location
A
sends impulses to spinal cord to control voluntary movements - in precentral gyrus
25
Premotor cortex- function
helps plan skilled movements
26
broca's area- function
(left side only) controls muscles responsible for speech
27
Frontal eye field- function
controls voluntary eye movements (like tracking objects)
28
What is the motor homunculus?
precise motor movements
29
Hands and face of motor humunculus (map) are much larger why?
body parts with more complex motor connections are represnted as larger
30
Primary somatosensory cortex- function - location
receives general sensory (touch, temp, pain) - in parietal lobe (postcentral gyrus)
31
somatosensory association cortex- function
integrates sensory information from somatosensory cortex to help understand an object being felt
32
primary visual cortex
in occipital lobe - receives visual information from retinas
33
Primary auditory cortex
in temporal lobe - processes auditory information
34
What is the somatosensory homunculus?
- Map of body in primary somatosensory cortex
- Body parts with higher density of sensory receptors are represented as larger
35
Imagine a patient has suffered a stroke that damaged the right precentral gyrus. What type of function will be lost? Which side of the body will be affected?
voluntary motor movement in the left side of the body
36
Imagine a patient has suffered a stroke that damaged the left postcentral gyrus. What type of function will be lost? Which side of the body will be affected?
(sensory) you will lose feeling in the right side of your body
37
What is a multimodal association area?
receives inputs from multiple sensory areas, sends outputs to multiple areas
38
Prefrontal cortex (multimodal - anterior area)
associated with executive functions, working memory, and personality (in anterior part of frontal lobe)
39
Posterior association area (multimodal)
links information from different sensory areas, important in language (overlaps parietal, temporal, and occipital)
40
Broca's area (language area) -
If damaged, a patient would be unable to _____
involved in speech production -
speak
41
Wernicke's area (language) -If damaged, a patient would be unable to _____
involved in understanding written and spoken language -
comprehend speech
42
What is meant by lateralization of cortical function?
Divison of labor between hemisphers
43
What functions are normally associated with the left heisphere?
language processing
44
What functions are normally associated with the right heisphere?
visual, spatial, and nonverbal processing
45
In cerebral white matter what type of fibers:
connect different regions within the same hemisphere?
Association fibers
46
In cerebral white matter what type of fibers:
Connect corresponding gray areas of the two hemispheres?
Commisural fibers
47
In cerebral white matter what type of fibers:
Carry information between the cerebral cortex and lower CNS centers?
Projection fibers
48
What name is given to the large fiber tract that allows the two hemispheres to communicate with other other
Corpus callosum
49
Where are the basal nuclei located?
What is their general function?
deep within cerebral white matter
motor control - intiates movements and inhibits unnessesary movements
50
What three structures make up the diecephalon?
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
51
Major function of the thalamus:
collection of nuclei that relay information between cerebral cortex, brain stem, spinal cord, or periphery
52
what two types of signals are relayed through the thalamus?
All sensory information
motot signals to-from basal nuclei and cerebellum
53
What does the hypothalamus regulate?
Homeostasis
54
Six specific functions of the hypothalamus
1. controls autonomic nervous system
2. regulates body temp
3. regulates hunger and satiety
4. regulates water balance and thirst
5. regulates sleep wake cycle
6. controls endocrine system vio\a connection to pituitary gland
55
what part of the diencephalon contains the pineal gland?
Epithalamus
56
Brain stem regions (superior to inferior)
Midbrain , pons , medulla oblongata
57
Which region of the brain stem is continuous with the spinal cord?
medulla oblongata
58
Which region of the brain stem icontains the cerebral aqueduct?
midbrain
59
Cardiovascular and respiratory centers :
in medulla oblongata
cardio - regulates heart rate and blood pressure
Res - controls rate and depth of breathing
60
Cerebral peduncles
in midbrain
-ventral white matter
-contains pyramidal (motor) tracts
61
Decussation of the pyramids
in medulla oblongata
-where pyramidal tracts cross over to opposite sides
62
Superior colliculi
in midbrain
-visual reflex center
63
Inferior colliculi
in midbrain
- auditory reflex center
64
the superior and inferior colliculi make up what structure?
Corpora quadrigemina
65
What name is given to the gray matter of the cerebellar cortex?
folia
66
what name is given to the white matter of the cerebellum?
Arbor vitae
67
What is the function of the cerebellar peduncles?
connect brain stem
68
Summarize the major function of the cerebellum
compares instructions from motor cortex w/ sensory input from body periphery
69
In what ways are the cerebellum and cerebral hemisoheres similar in structure?
- Outer layer of gray matter (cortex)
- Scattered gray matter nuclei within white matter
70
What is the function of the limbic system?
Regulates emotional response, memory formation (specifically odors), controls behaviors relating to fear
71
What is reticular information?
Network of neurons in brain stem
72
What is the function of the reticular activating system (RAS)?
functions to keep cerebral cortex conscious and alert
73
List meninges in order from external to internal
dura mater , arachnoid mater , pia mater
74
Layer of meninges that:
has two sublayers that seperate to form venous sinuses?
dura mater
75
Layer of meninges that:
is directly in contact with the surface of the brain?
pia mater
76
Layer of meninges that:
Has web-like extensions?
arachnoic mater
77
Layer of meninges that:
Forms partitions that limit movement of the brain?
dura mater
78
Layer of meninges that:
Contains the largest blood vessesls that supply the brain?
Pia mater
79
Layer of meninges that:
Is the toughest?
dura mater
80
Where is the subarachnoid space located?
between the arachnoid and the pia mater
81
What does the subarachnoid space contain?
CSF and the largest blood vessels that supply the brain
82
what are functions of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
gives buoyancy and acts as a cushion and shock absorber
83
What structure produces CSF?
choroid plexus (cluster of capillaries) (they hang from the roof of each ventricle
84
What structures absorb CSF back into the bood of the superior sagittal sinus?
Arachnoid granulations
85
Describe the circulation of CSF
lateral ventricle -> interventricular foramen -> third ventricle -> cerebral aqueduct -> fourth ventricle -> subarachnoid space -> superior sagittal sinus
86
what would happen if a blockage prevented the movement of CSF between ventricles?
Intracranial pressure increases
87
What is the function of the blood-brain barrier?
helps maintain stable brain environment
88
What is the structural basis of this barrier?
some substances can pass through
- toxic subs and pathogens - can't
89
Where does the spinal cord begin?
Foramen magnum
90
At which verterbral level does the spinal cord end?
L1 or L2
91
Where is epidural space?
between dura mater and vertebraes
92
What does epidural space contain?
blood vessels and fat
93
Conus medullaris is...
the tapered end of spinal cord
94
Filum terminale
fibrous extension from conus medullaris to coccyx
95
Dentriculate ligaments
extensions of pia mater that anchor cord to dura mater
96
Cauda equina
collection of nerve roots at inferior end of vertebral canal
97
The spinal cord is divided into spinal cord segments along its length. What is the basis fornaming these segments?
level at which spinal nerves pass through intervertebral foramina
98
What are the englargements on the spinal cord? why are they significant?
Cervical and lumbar enlargements, they control coordination in upper (cervical) and lower (lumbar) limbs
99
A lumbar puncture involves inserting a needle into the subarachnoid space in order to sample CSF. Why is the needle inserted inferior to L3
in order to not damage conus medullaris
100
Groove that runs longitudinally along the ventral surface of the spinal cord
ventral median fissure
101
Groove that runs longitudinally along the dorsal surface of the spinal cord
dorsal median sulcus
102
What surrounds the central canal?
Ependymal layer (gray matter)
103
Type of neuron cell bodies found in:
Dorsal horn
interneurons
104
Type of neuron cell bodies found in:
Ventral horn
somatic motor neurons
105
Type of neuron cell bodies found in:
Dorsal root ganglion
sensory neuron
106
Type of axons carried in:
Dorsal root
axons of sensory
107
Type of axons carried in:
Ventral root
axons of motor
108
Type of axons carried in:
Spinal nerve
axons of sensory and motor (fused dorsal and ventral)
109
What are funiculi?
white matter divided into columns
110
most spinal pathways exhibit decussation. What does this mean?
Most cross from one side of CNS to the other side of CNS at some point
111
define an ascending pathway
carry sensory information from body periphery up tp brain
112
Where would you find the cell bodies of:
first - order neurons
cell body in dorsal root ganglion - synapses with second order
113
Where would you find the cell bodies of:
second - order neurons
cell body in dorsal horn of spinal cord or medulla oblongata
114
Where would you find the cell bodies of:
third - order neurons
cell body in thalamus
115
Dorsal column medial lemniscal:
transmits signals for fine touch and proprioception
116
spinothalamic:
transmits pain and temperature information
117
Spinocerebellar:
carres information about proprioception to cerebellum
118
Which pathways transmit impulses to the primary somatosensory cortex?
Dorsal column medial lemniscal and spinocerebellar
119
Which pathway does not have a third order neuron?
spinocerebellar
120
define a descending pathway
transmit motor impulses from brain to spinal cord
121
Where would you find the cell bodies of:
Upper motor neurons
pyramidal cells of primary motor cortex and brain stem motor nuclei
122
Where would you find the cell bodies of:
lower motor neurons
ventral horn motor neurons
123
what types of movements are controlled by direct pyramidal pathways?
skilled, conscious movements of skeletal muscles
124
where do pyramidal pathways orginate?
The cerebral cortex
125
What type of movements are controlled by the indirect pathways?
axial, maintains balance, controls limb movements
