Ch 11... Us and them

Question 1

Stereotype

Answer 1

Simplified but widely shared belief about group members

Question 2

Prejudice

Answer 2

Negative affective prejudgment about group members

Question 3

Discrimination

Answer 3

Negative treatment of group members

Question 4

Cognitive theory of stereotypes

Answer 4

Necessarily simplistic understanding of group members used to preserve limited cognitive resources

Question 5

Illusory correlation bias

Answer 5

Exaggerated perception of correlation between 2 variables. Intergroup relations is the perception that bhvr is more frequently displayed by a minority. Mech for stereotype and prejudice

Question 6

Mechanism of ICB

Answer 6

Imperfection in memory and learning, disproportionate ratios encoded. Worse when Ps have lower working memory capacity or high cognitive load imposed.

Tendency for distinct bhvrs to capture attention and receive most elaborate processing

Question 7

Category accentuation

Answer 7

Categorization distorts perception of members

Question 8

Dogmatism

Answer 8

Tendency for people to be able to tolerate mutually inconsistent beliefs by isolating them from each other in memory, resistant to change

Question 9

Epistemic need

Answer 9

Ppl seek haste, simplicity and clarity in info processing. Stereotypes meet these needs by providing simple explanations. People with high epistemic needs most prone to prejudice.

Question 10

Personal need for structure

Answer 10

Person’s preference for clarity and structure in situations, and level of annoyance experienced by ambiguity. High PNS leads prone to stereotyping

Question 11

Need for cognitive closure

Answer 11

Desire to see any answer on a topic, expressed in 5 facets:

1. Desire for predictability
2. Preference for order
3. Discomfort with ambiguity
4. Decisiveness
5. Closed-mindedness

Question 12

State of false consciousness

Answer 12

Marx & Engels: Protestant work ethic and religious providence keep people in a state of unawareness about disadvantaged position in class system

Question 13

Marx key social concepts

Answer 13

1. Groups have unequal status
2. Individuals in groups share common interests
3. Groups have conflicting interests
4. Members of groups not aware of interests and fail to act on them
5. Awareness hampered by ideologies that obscure status inequalities, justify them, or make them seem unchangable

Question 14

Authoriantrianism

Answer 14

Form of social organization characterized by submission to authority

Question 15

Conventionalism

Answer 15

Desire for adherence to traditional values

Question 16

Authoritarian aggression

Answer 16

Desire to punish those who defy social conventions

Question 17

Authoritarian submission

Answer 17

Tendency to yield to authority

Question 18

Social dominance orientation

Answer 18

Variable that measures people’s preference for hierarchy. Measures dimensions of:

1. Preference for hierarchical relations
2. Desire for own group to dominate others

Question 19

When do people become more authoritarian

Answer 19

When social order threatened

Question 20

Ethnocentrism

Answer 20

View that own group is superior

Question 21

Realistic group conflict theory

Answer 21

Theory of intergroup conflict that explains intergroup bhvr with respect to secure resources

Question 22

Minimal group paradigm

Answer 22

Method for investigating the minimal conditions required for discrimination to occur between groups, categorization encourages discrimination.
Random assignment, no history, common goal, interpersonal ties necessary, people will still assign more valu to ingroup.

Question 23

Sherif: Robber’s Cave

Answer 23

Divide into groups –> attachment
Competition btw groups –> ethnocentrism
Superordinate goals –> reduced ethnocentrism and hostility

Run 3 times, only once through all 3 phases

Question 24

Contact hypothesis

Answer 24

Bringing groups together reduces ethnocentris and conflicct

Question 25

Sexism

Answer 25

Belief about gender differences Hostile: women pose a threat to men's position --> abuse, violence Benevolent: women necessary for men's happiness, more virtuous -> protect, cherish Ambivalent: Both positive and negative attributes included

Question 26

Social creativity

Answer 26

Preserving a positive self image by identifying and giving weight to dimensions on which they are superior to high status group

Question 27

Objectification

Answer 27

View of someone as represented by their body

Question 28

Ethnic cleansing and genocide

Answer 28

Attempts to forcibly move entire people from area, or eliminate them entirely

Question 29

Moral credentialling

Answer 29

Demonstrating one's credentials often means ppl will express more prejudice

Question 30

Modern racism

Answer 30

Modern, subtle variant of racism, expressed in ways that appear socially acceptable

Question 31

Aversive racism

Answer 31

Inner conflict between an egalitarian view and racist impulses is aversive, so ppl avoid contact

Question 32

Ageism

Answer 32

Prejudiced attitudes about age group

Question 33

How stereotypes persist

Answer 33

Affecting social information processing, confirms pre-existing biases

Question 34

Spontaneous trait inference

Answer 34

Infer other's traits from bhvr

Question 35

Intergroup emotions theory

Answer 35

Intergroup emotions depend on relative power and status of group

Question 36

Intergroup anxiety

Answer 36

Model arguing ppl expect negative outcomes when interacting with outgroups

Question 37

Anxiety expectations of outgroup interactions:

Answer 37

1. negative psychological, ex. embarrassment 2. Negative behavioural, ex. exploittion 3. Negative evaluations by ingroup 4. Negative evaluations by outgroup

Question 38

Stereotype threat

Answer 38

Fear of being judged in terms of a stereotype and negatively fulfilling this stereotype leads to poor task performance

Question 39

Stereotype lift

Answer 39

Fulfilling a positive stereotype leads to enhanced performance