Ch 5 ...You don't say

Question 1

Language

Answer 1

A set of phonemes that convey meaning because they are organized according to rules

Question 2

Utterances

Answer 2

Complete units of speech in spoken languages

Question 3

Semantic rules

Answer 3

Rules that determine the meaning of sounds and words

Question 4

Grammar

Answer 4

Collection of morphological, syntactic, and semantic rules that govern the production of language

Question 5

Grammatical gender

Answer 5

Organization of nouns along masculine, feminine, and neutral dimensions

Question 6

Morpheme

Answer 6

Meaningful component of structured language

Question 7

Biological cost of language

Answer 7

Jaw and mouth shape: tooth crowding, wisdom teeth issues, higher risk of choking

Question 8

Biological advantages of language

Answer 8

Strategics
Share and accumulate knowledge
Collective problem solving

Question 9

Linguistic nativism

Answer 9

Chomsky’s theory that brain is hard-wired for innate language rules/ organization. Theory supported by children’s abilities to learn languages efficiently, especially during critical period in early childhood

Question 10

Pidgin

Answer 10

Simplified mix of languages lacking rigorous grammar rules

Question 11

Creole language

Answer 11

Mixture of words from multiple languages, but with struct grammatical system

Question 12

Pragmatics

Answer 12

Distinction between what is said, and what speaker means (literal compared to intended meaning)

Question 13

Speech act theory

Answer 13

Theory proposing that speakers use language to perform certain actions

Question 14

Locution

Answer 14

Non-ambiguous meaning of an utterance (I had a good day)

Question 15

Perlocution

Answer 15

Unintended effect of an utterance (ex. It’s fine…)

Question 16

Illocution

Answer 16

Speech act performed by an utterance (ex. I am sorry)

Question 17

Indirect language

Answer 17

Use of language in which the intended meaning is not stated explicitly, yet is commonly understood (ex. reserved)

Question 18

Theory of conversational implicature

Answer 18

Grice’s theory that people are able to understand each other and communicate effectively because they follow rules of conversation

Question 19

Cooperative principle

Answer 19

Principle that people follow a set of rules that enable communication to function effectively

Question 20

Grice’s 4 Maxims of communication

Answer 20

4 rules:

1. Quantity: communicators make their contributions to conversation as informative as required, and not more so
2. Quality: Communicators generally attempt to make their contributions true, not false, not lacking evidence
3. Relation: Communicators aim to be relevant
4. Manner: Communicators aim to be clear, not ambiguous

Question 21

In what context are Grice’s maxims broken during conversation

Answer 21

When conveying implicit meaning (ex. sarcasm)

Question 22

Politeness

Answer 22

Process by which communicators frame their conversations in order to save the face of the their interlocutors

Question 23

Face

Answer 23

People’s concern about their value/standing in the eyes of others

Question 24

Positive face

Answer 24

A person’s wish to be well thought of, understood, liked and treated nicely.

Question 25

Negative face

Answer 25

A person's wish to go about their business unimpeded, to not be bothered

Question 26

Universal norm

Answer 26

The culturally universal tendency to use more formal, polite language with people of higher status, or higher social distance

Question 27

Whorf

Answer 27

Proposed theory that language entirely determines thoughts and perception

Question 28

Cultural frame switching

Answer 28

Different knowledge structures are learned and influence thoughts based on cultural setting. Bilingual studies support this by displaying personality differences when given in different languages.

Question 29

Masculine generic language

Answer 29

Use of masculine words to denote all people (ex. mankind) Example of lens-like power of language: state, "Firemen responded". meaning firefighters attended to the blaze. However attention, memory, and cognition denotes "male", irrespective of linguistic intentions. Results of studies suggest that this contributes to gender biases. (p.221)

Question 30

Saying is believing effect

Answer 30

Tendency for a person's memory for events to be influenced by what they have said

Question 31

Social markers

Answer 31

Features of language that convey information about speaker's characteristics, ex personality, SES, power dynamic, cultural background

Question 32

Matched guise technique

Answer 32

Technique used to measure attitudes about a speaker based on language. High speech rate= high rating of competence, sociability, trustworthiness Frequent pauses= low rating of competence Utterance length= Dominance rating Elevated pitch= deceit and instability Varied pitch=dynamism and extraversion

Question 33

Received pronunciation

Answer 33

Standard, high status spoke accent. | People who deviate from standard accent tend to be deemed less favourably

Question 34

Speech accommodation theory

Answer 34

Theory asserting that people modify their speech style to suit context

Question 35

Speech convergence

Answer 35

Speech style shift to that of the listener

Question 36

Speech divergence

Answer 36

Speech style shift away from that of the listener

Question 37

Communication accommodation theory

Answer 37

Theory asserting that people also modify non-verbal behaviours to suit context

Question 38

Serial transmission

Answer 38

Language consistent with stereotypes is transmitted, inconsistent language is not

Question 39

Common ground

Answer 39

Shared worldview

Question 40

Linguistic intergroup bias (LIB)

Answer 40

Tendency for people to describe ingroup positive and outgroup negative behaviours abstractly, but ingroup negative and outgroup positive concretely

Question 41

Linguistic expectancy bias

Answer 41

Interpersonal version of the LIB, people describe expected behaviours abstractly and unexpected concretely

Question 42

Nonverbal communication

Answer 42

*shrugs and raises eyebrow*

Question 43

Nonverbal communication includes:

Answer 43

``` Gestures Tone Expression Distance Dress Body art Lifestyle ```

Question 44

Social intellect

Answer 44

Set of skills involving reciprocative ability to infer other's emotions, motive, and intentions and personality. Many theorists argue nonverbal communication is core component

Question 45

Nonverbal communication enables communication by:

Answer 45

``` Express intimacy Establish dominance Facilitate goals Regulate conversation Provide information about inner states ```

Question 46

Paralanguage

Answer 46

Vocal pitch and speech rate

Question 47

Co-verbal behaviours

Answer 47

Nonverbal behaviours that accompany speech and and convey information to a receiver

Question 48

Interpersonal distance

Answer 48

``` Closeness between 2 people Intimate: 0-0.5m Personal: 0.5-1m Social: 1-4m Public: 4m+ ```

Question 49

Heslin & Patterson: 5 types of touch:

Answer 49

``` Professional/ functional Social/ polite Friendship/ warmth Love/ intimacy Sexual ```

Question 50

Facial expressions

Answer 50

Voluntary or no changes in the face that convey information

Question 51

Gestures

Answer 51

Movements that accompany verbal communications

Question 52

Emblems/ quoatable gestures

Answer 52

Gestures that replace verbal communication

Question 53

Nonverbal sensitivity

Answer 53

Ability to discern other people's thoughts, feelings, an d intentions from their nonverbal behaviour

Question 54

Motivational impairment effect

Answer 54

When people try and hide deceit, it is easier to notice deceit occurring

Question 55

Conversation

Answer 55

Interactions with verbal and nonverball communication

Question 56

Back channel communication

Answer 56

Cues that let speaker know person is listening

Question 57

Conversation analysis

Answer 57

Study of talk in interactions, describes structure and pattern

Question 58

Discourse analysis

Answer 58

Analysis of entire communicative event located in socio-historic context

Question 59

Computer mediated conversation

Answer 59

Communication via computer network. Deindividution is often seen, where people are dis-inhibited as they feel anonymous and can thus break social taboos. Explains high levels of disclosure, hostility and hate group recruitment in CMC.

Question 60

Positive of CMC

Answer 60

Social identity model of deindividuation: facilitates expression of identity, especially out of norm behavioural components, and positive ingroup experiences

Question 61

Soft determinism

Answer 61

Language helps to make distinctions between concepts

Question 62

How is language performative

Answer 62

Achieves actions: Three characteristics that enable it to do this (1) non-ambiguous (literal meaning) – locution - e.g., in “I’m here” the locution is that the person is actually here (2) the act performed by the utterance – illocution - e.g., the apology (3) the unintended effects the utterance might have – perlocution - e.g., making the addressee angry