Ch 8... In or out

Question 1

Entitativity

Answer 1

Feature of a group that makes it appear as a distinct unit that is bound together.
High entitativity tends to produce homogeneous group with clear structure and purpose

Question 2

Intimacy group

Answer 2

Groups closely tied together

Question 3

Task group

Answer 3

Come together to achieve common goal

Question 4

Common bond group

Answer 4

Members have close personal bonds within group

Question 5

Common identity group

Answer 5

Members have close personal ties to group itself

Question 6

Collectives/ aggregates

Answer 6

Share some connection, but no psychological value to this connection

Question 7

Definitions of group

Answer 7

Two or more people who:
Are together in a way with psychological value
Share common fate
Defined and accepted social structure
Interaction

Define themselves as a group, and that group is recognized by another

Question 8

Ingroup

Answer 8

Group we are in

Question 9

Outgroup

Answer 9

Group we are not a part of

Question 10

Tuckerman stage model of group formation

Answer 10

Forming: Little gets done, focus on acceptance and routine

Storming: Address conflict and roles

Norming: Roles and responsibilities established, supportive

Performing: Interdependence and flexibility. Group directed towards task

Adjourning: Completes task and disengages

Question 11

Moreland and Levine Group socialization

Answer 11

Process of groups as a whole and group members coming together to meet each other’s needs

Question 12

Model of Group socialization

Answer 12

Investigation –> socialization –> maintenance –> resocialization –> remembrance OR back to investigation

Question 13

Communication theory stages of socialization

Answer 13

Antecedent –> anticipatory –> encounter –> assimilation –> exit

Question 14

Socialization outcome

Answer 14

Relate to how group members feel about how they functioned to reach group’s purpose. Most prominent outcome is group cohesion

Question 15

Group cohesion

Answer 15

Degree to which group holds together, sense of unity and commonality

Question 16

Norms

Answer 16

Uniformities of behaviour and attitude that determine, organize and differentiate groups

Question 17

Ethnomethodology

Answer 17

Method used for understanding social norms by analyzing accounts of day to day activities

Question 18

Breaching experiment

Answer 18

Used in ethnomethodology to examine reactions to violation of norms

Question 19

Litter study

Answer 19

Confederate littering clean setting, others littered less.

In dirty setting, people litter more after seeing confederate

Question 20

Frame of reference

Answer 20

Range of possible positions people could adopt. Used to reference own thoughts and actions.

Question 21

Reasons norms endure

Answer 21

1. Enforced, creates motivation
2. Internalized as right
3. Fixed during socialization
4. Consensus (modeling)
5. Activated by interactions
6. Heuristics for behaviour

Question 22

Social role

Answer 22

Expectations shared by group members of how particular ppl are supposed to behave

Question 23

Status

Answer 23

Shared evaluations of the prestige of roles

Question 24

Diffuse status characteristics

Answer 24

Attributes not directly relevant to group task but positively valued in society

Question 25

Specific status characteristics

Answer 25

Attributes directly relevant to group task

Question 26

Jost & Banjai System justification theory

Answer 26

Theory that peoples dependence on social systems for wealth and security motivates them to social social systems and see them as fair

Question 27

Social creativity

Answer 27

Strategies that group members engage in to maintain the esteem of the group

Question 28

Marginal members

Answer 28

Deviate from prototypical group member. Black sheep effect

Question 29

Black sheep effect

Answer 29

Derogation of deviant or marginal ingroup members

Question 30

Intergroup sensitivity effect

Answer 30

Tendency to prefer criticism to come from within a group than from an outsider

Question 31

Impostors

Answer 31

People who threaten the group by fraudulently claiming to be members

Question 32

Cross-cutting categories

Answer 32

Subgroups that represent categories that have members outside immediate larger groups

Question 33

Group interdependence

Answer 33

Allow people to achieve more things, and in more innovative ways

Question 34

Opinion based groups

Answer 34

Groups formed around shared opinions

Question 35

Greenberg Terror management theory

Answer 35

Theory proposing that human awareness of death creates a constant source of existential crisis

Question 36

Social identity

Answer 36

The aspect of our identity that is determined by our group membership

Question 37

Social identity theory

Answer 37

The theory of group membership and intergroup relations arguing that

Question 38

Subjective uncertainty

Answer 38

Uncertainty about who we are and what we are supposed to do. This is alleviated by group memberships.

Question 39

Prototype

Answer 39

Fuzzy sets of characteristics that define a group

Question 40

Self categorization

Answer 40

Cognitive process of categorizing oneself as a group member

Question 41

Optimal distinctiveness

Answer 41

People like to feel unique as individuals but at same time they feel need to affiliate with others

Question 42

Strategies to balance individuality/ belonging

Answer 42

1. Identify with numerically distinct group 2. Identify with subgroup 3. Identify with non mainstream group 4. Enhance the distinctiveness of group 5. Differentiate oneself with roles 6. Identify with group that prescribes individualism 7. See oneself as loyal, not conformist 8. See oneself as more normative than other group members

Question 43

Social ostracism

Answer 43

Being excluded from a group by the consensus of the group