ch 14/15 quiz

Question 1

when was planet earth born?

Answer 1

4.5 bil years ago

Question 2

chemical evolution conditions

Answer 2

2. absence of free oxygen
3. energy (violent storms, volcanoes, etc)
4. chemicals
5. time

Question 3

Oparin hypothesis (Urey and Miller)

Answer 3

life arose gradually from inorganic molecules with “amino acids” forming first and then combining to form polymers

Question 4

4 stage hypothesis for the origin of life

Answer 4

1. synthesis of small organic molecules from abiotic chemicals
2. link monomers to form polymers
3. origin of self-replicating molecules for inheritance
4. formation of pre-cells

Question 5

macroevolution

Answer 5

evolution above the species level (multiplication of species, biodiversity, novelty)

Question 6

nonbranching macroevolution

Answer 6

a pop. changes thru adaptation and original is no longer present at the end

Question 7

branching macroevolution

Answer 7

one or more new species branch from a parent species still present at the end

Question 8

pre-zygotic barriers

Answer 8

prevents mating and fertilized egg from forming

Question 9

temporal isolation

Answer 9

different mating seasons

Question 10

habitat isolation

Answer 10

physically separated species

Question 11

behavioral isolation

Answer 11

specific traits are needed to attract mates

Question 12

mechanical isolation

Answer 12

reproductive organs physically incompatible

Question 13

gametic isolation

Answer 13

indvs may copulate, but gametes are incompatible and fertilization does not occur

Question 14

post-zygotic barriers

Answer 14

mating occurs but mechanisms affect hybrid in that they cannot pass on their genetic info

Question 15

hybrid inviability

Answer 15

hybrid dies before reaching maturity

Question 16

hybrid sterility

Answer 16

hybrid is infertile

Question 17

mechanisms of speciation are…

Answer 17

allopatric and sympatric

Question 18

allopatric

Answer 18

physical barrier isolates new pop. (most likely when pop. is small)

Question 19

sympatric speciation

Answer 19

new pop. becomes reproductively isolated (old and new species in the same place)

Question 20

polyploid

Answer 20

2+ sets of chromosomes

occurs because of accidents during cell division and new indv cannot mate with parent pop.

Question 21

gradualist model

Answer 21

evolutionary tree showing branches diverging gradually

Question 22

punctuated equilibrium model

Answer 22

(more recent) species diverge is spurts bc of relatively rapid changes

Question 23

biological novelty

Answer 23

structures we dont see in all organisms (e.g. feathers, big brain, etc)

Question 24

continental drift affect on biodiversity

Answer 24

caused extinctions, and new opportunity for survivors
(e.g. Australia)

Question 25

how many mass extinctions have occurred in the last 600 mil years

Answer 25

6

Question 26

Gases present in earth’s early atmosphere

Answer 26

methane, ammonia, water vapour (NO FREE OXYGEN)

Question 27

rna molecules that act like enzymes

Answer 27

ribozyme

Question 28

significance of a molecule that can replicate itself

Answer 28

heritability