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Freshman year > Bio unit 3 > Flashcards

Bio unit 3 Flashcards

immune system

1
Q

lysogenic cycle

A

incorporates prophage into cell’s DNA - can be dormant until trigger -

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2
Q

lytic cycle

A

normal reproduction cycle for virus; makes new phagfes and cell lyses to release them

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3
Q

True/False
Viruses only have DNA

A

False- they can have RNA too

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4
Q

Are viruses cellular?

A

No

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5
Q

True/false
Viruses cannot reproduce without host cell

A

true

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6
Q

What does a vaccine do?

A

stimulates primary immune response that generates memory cells

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7
Q

types of vaccines

A
  1. inactive whole virus
  2. antigen proteins
  3. mRNA
  4. DNA
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8
Q

Are antibiotics specific/unspecific?

A

unspecific - will also affect ‘good’ bacteria in your body

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9
Q

What do antibiotics do?

A

kills bacteria by inhibiting replication/growth or stopping cell wall from synthesizing

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10
Q

Do vaccines work on bacteria?

A

Yes- they work on viral and bacterial diseases (e.g. of tetanus, pertussis)

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11
Q

Do antibiotics work on viruses?

A

No

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12
Q

interferon

A

proteins produced by virus-infected body cells that stimulate other cells to produce anti-viral proteins

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13
Q

Antigen

A

molecules on the surface of a pathogen that cause immune response; ‘nametag’ for pathogen

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14
Q

HIV

A

human immunodeficiency virus - causes AIDS -

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15
Q

What part of the immune system does HIV target?

A

Helper T-cells –> body is now unable to activate B and T cells

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16
Q

AIDS

A

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Spread by sexual contact
Symptoms - weight loss, tiredness, death

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17
Q

retrovirus

A

a virus that reproduces by means of viral RNA

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18
Q
A
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19
Q

reverse transcriptase

A

an enzyme that catalyzes reverse transcription

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20
Q

reverse transcription

A

synthesis of DNA from RNA template

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21
Q

Provirus

A

when viral DNA inserts itself into cell’s DNA and replicates from there

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22
Q

Anti-HIV drugs

A
  1. inhibits reverse transcriptase
  2. protease (enzyme) inhibitors
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23
Q

archaea

A

ancient; closely related to eukaryotes; inhabit extreme environments

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24
Q

how do bacteria reproduce?

A

binary fission - asexuel - copy DNA and divide

ITS VERY FAST

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25
Q

Robert Koch

A

proved germ theory - microorganisms cause illness -

26
Q

Miasma Theory

A

poisonous air causes illness

27
Q

chemoautotrophs

A

get ATP from metabolism + carbon from atmosphere
(e.g. nitrogen-fixing bacteria)

28
Q

photoautotrophs

A

Use sunlight to make ATP + get carbon from atmosphere
(e.g. plants)

29
Q

chemoheterotrophs

A

get ATP from metabolism + ingests carbon
(e.g. humans)

30
Q

photoheterotrophs

A

Sunlight for ATP + ingests carbon
(e.g. heliobacteria)

31
Q

Polio, mono, common cold, influenza, chicken pox, measles, and covid are all…

A

viruses

32
Q

example of diseases passed by vectors

A

malaria

33
Q

bacterial diseases examples

A

tuberculosis, whooping cough, tetanus, strep throat, botulism

34
Q

fungal infection examples

A

athlete’s foot

35
Q
A
35
Q

true/false
pneumonia is caused only by bacteria

A

false - can be caused by bacteria, virus, and fungi

36
Q

antibiotic resistance

A

random mutations cause bacteria to become resistant

37
Q

chemical recycling

A

conversion of organic material (e.g. N cycle)

38
Q

neutrophils

A

type of phagocyte that engulf bacteria/viruses in infected tissue

39
Q

exotoxin

A

poison secreted by bacteria

40
Q

endotoxin

A

poison already in bacteria’s cell wall

41
Q

complement proteins

A
  1. amplify inflam. response
  2. coat surface –> easier to ingest for macrophages
  3. cut lethal holes
42
Q

histamine

A

chem. that signals dilation and leakiness of blood vessels

43
Q

prostaglandins

A

chemical that increases blood flow to injured area

44
Q

pyrons

A

chemical that induces fever

45
Q

effector cells

A

short-lived cells that defend body in immune response

46
Q

main battle ground for fighting infection is…

A

lymphatic system

47
Q

true/false- 1st, 2nd, and 3rd lines of defense are unspecific

A

false- 3rd is specific, 1 and 2 are not

48
Q

humoral immunity

A

provided by b-cells (antibodies)
defend against pathogens

49
Q

cell-mediated immunity

A

provided by t-cells
attack infected body cells

50
Q

active immunity

A

body produces antibodies on its own (e.g. exposure/vaccine)

51
Q

passive immunity

A

receiving pre-made antibodies (e.g. breast feeding, tetanus shot)

52
Q

innate immunity is non-specific or specific?

A

non-specific (1st and 2nd line)

53
Q

adaptive immunity is… specific/unspecific

A

specific (3rd line)

54
Q

what causes allergy symptoms?

A

histamine

55
Q

what does an epipen do?

A

constricts vessels

56
Q

what does anaphylactic shock do to your body?

A

sudden release of inflam. chemicals —> blood vessels dilate abruptly and drops BP (shock)

57
Q

autoimmune diseases

A

immune system turns against its own body

58
Q

immunodeficiency diseases

A

body lacks 1 or more parts of immune system

59
Q

autoimmune response example

A

transplant rejection

60
Q

mast cells

A

induce inflammatory response

Freshman year (22 decks)

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