Bio unit 3

Question 1

lysogenic cycle

Answer 1

incorporates prophage into cell’s DNA - can be dormant until trigger -

Question 2

lytic cycle

Answer 2

normal reproduction cycle for virus; makes new phagfes and cell lyses to release them

Question 3

True/False
Viruses only have DNA

Answer 3

False- they can have RNA too

Question 4

Are viruses cellular?

Answer 4

No

Question 5

True/false
Viruses cannot reproduce without host cell

Answer 5

true

Question 6

What does a vaccine do?

Answer 6

stimulates primary immune response that generates memory cells

Question 7

types of vaccines

Answer 7

1. inactive whole virus
2. antigen proteins
3. mRNA
4. DNA

Question 8

Are antibiotics specific/unspecific?

Answer 8

unspecific - will also affect ‘good’ bacteria in your body

Question 9

What do antibiotics do?

Answer 9

kills bacteria by inhibiting replication/growth or stopping cell wall from synthesizing

Question 10

Do vaccines work on bacteria?

Answer 10

Yes- they work on viral and bacterial diseases (e.g. of tetanus, pertussis)

Question 11

Do antibiotics work on viruses?

Answer 11

No

Question 12

interferon

Answer 12

proteins produced by virus-infected body cells that stimulate other cells to produce anti-viral proteins

Question 13

Antigen

Answer 13

molecules on the surface of a pathogen that cause immune response; ‘nametag’ for pathogen

Question 14

HIV

Answer 14

human immunodeficiency virus - causes AIDS -

Question 15

What part of the immune system does HIV target?

Answer 15

Helper T-cells –> body is now unable to activate B and T cells

Question 16

AIDS

Answer 16

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Spread by sexual contact
Symptoms - weight loss, tiredness, death

Question 17

retrovirus

Answer 17

a virus that reproduces by means of viral RNA

Question 19

reverse transcriptase

Answer 19

an enzyme that catalyzes reverse transcription

Question 20

reverse transcription

Answer 20

synthesis of DNA from RNA template

Question 21

Provirus

Answer 21

when viral DNA inserts itself into cell’s DNA and replicates from there

Question 22

Anti-HIV drugs

Answer 22

1. inhibits reverse transcriptase
2. protease (enzyme) inhibitors

Question 23

archaea

Answer 23

ancient; closely related to eukaryotes; inhabit extreme environments

Question 24

how do bacteria reproduce?

Answer 24

binary fission - asexuel - copy DNA and divide

ITS VERY FAST

Question 25

Robert Koch

Answer 25

proved germ theory - microorganisms cause illness -

Question 26

Miasma Theory

Answer 26

poisonous air causes illness

Question 27

chemoautotrophs

Answer 27

get ATP from metabolism + carbon from atmosphere (e.g. nitrogen-fixing bacteria)

Question 28

photoautotrophs

Answer 28

Use sunlight to make ATP + get carbon from atmosphere (e.g. plants)

Question 29

chemoheterotrophs

Answer 29

get ATP from metabolism + ingests carbon (e.g. humans)

Question 30

photoheterotrophs

Answer 30

Sunlight for ATP + ingests carbon (e.g. heliobacteria)

Question 31

Polio, mono, common cold, influenza, chicken pox, measles, and covid are all...

Answer 31

viruses

Question 32

example of diseases passed by vectors

Answer 32

malaria

Question 33

bacterial diseases examples

Answer 33

tuberculosis, whooping cough, tetanus, strep throat, botulism

Question 34

fungal infection examples

Answer 34

athlete's foot

Question 35

true/false pneumonia is caused only by bacteria

Answer 35

false - can be caused by bacteria, virus, and fungi

Question 36

antibiotic resistance

Answer 36

random mutations cause bacteria to become resistant

Question 37

chemical recycling

Answer 37

conversion of organic material (e.g. N cycle)

Question 38

neutrophils

Answer 38

type of phagocyte that engulf bacteria/viruses in infected tissue

Question 39

exotoxin

Answer 39

poison secreted by bacteria

Question 40

endotoxin

Answer 40

poison already in bacteria's cell wall

Question 41

complement proteins

Answer 41

1. amplify inflam. response 2. coat surface --> easier to ingest for macrophages 3. cut lethal holes

Question 42

histamine

Answer 42

chem. that signals dilation and leakiness of blood vessels

Question 43

prostaglandins

Answer 43

chemical that increases blood flow to injured area

Question 44

pyrons

Answer 44

chemical that induces fever

Question 45

effector cells

Answer 45

short-lived cells that defend body in immune response

Question 46

main battle ground for fighting infection is...

Answer 46

lymphatic system

Question 47

true/false- 1st, 2nd, and 3rd lines of defense are unspecific

Answer 47

false- 3rd is specific, 1 and 2 are not

Question 48

humoral immunity

Answer 48

provided by b-cells (antibodies) defend against pathogens

Question 49

cell-mediated immunity

Answer 49

provided by t-cells attack infected body cells

Question 50

active immunity

Answer 50

body produces antibodies on its own (e.g. exposure/vaccine)

Question 51

passive immunity

Answer 51

receiving pre-made antibodies (e.g. breast feeding, tetanus shot)

Question 52

innate immunity is non-specific or specific?

Answer 52

non-specific (1st and 2nd line)

Question 53

adaptive immunity is... specific/unspecific

Answer 53

specific (3rd line)

Question 54

what causes allergy symptoms?

Answer 54

histamine

Question 55

what does an epipen do?

Answer 55

constricts vessels

Question 56

what does anaphylactic shock do to your body?

Answer 56

sudden release of inflam. chemicals ---> blood vessels dilate abruptly and drops BP (shock)

Question 57

autoimmune diseases

Answer 57

immune system turns against its own body

Question 58

immunodeficiency diseases

Answer 58

body lacks 1 or more parts of immune system

Question 59

autoimmune response example

Answer 59

transplant rejection

Question 60

mast cells

Answer 60

induce inflammatory response