Unit 5 (chapter 10)- DNA, protein synth, genetic engineering

Question 1

DNA

Answer 1

Stores gen. instructions
-deoxyribonucleic acid
-double stranded
-thymine no uracil
-stays INSIDE nucleus

Question 2

RNA

Answer 2

ribonucleic acid
single-stranded
uracil no thymine
goes OUTSIDE nucleus

Question 3

Nucleotide base-pairs

Answer 3

A - T/U
C - G

Question 4

m (messenger) RNA

Answer 4

RNA that travels to ribosome and has codons that correspond to tRNA anticodon

Question 5

t (transfer) RNA

Answer 5

carries aa’ s and anticodons that when bonded to mRNA codons, releases aa’s to form pp chains

Question 6

r (ribosomal) RNA

Answer 6

makes up ribosomal subunits

Question 7

genes

Answer 7

portions of DNA that code for specific traits

Question 8

what do you use to read a codon chart?

Answer 8

MRNA ONLY MRNA!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Question 9

codon chart

Answer 9

chart that uses MRNA to translate gen. code to corresponding aa’ s

Question 10

transcription- initiation

Answer 10

1. initiation- promoter starts sequence when RNA polymerase attaches

Question 11

transcription- elongation

Answer 11

2. elongation- RNA grows longer as RNA polymerase adds comp. bases and starts to pull away from DNA template

Question 12

transcription- termination

Answer 12

3. termination- RNA polymerase reaches terminator and detaches, DNA strands rejoin

Question 13

RNA polymerase

Answer 13

adds/binds comp. bases from DNA template to form RNA

Question 14

what is translation?

Answer 14

mRNA —> tRNA —> aa

Question 15

what is transcription-?

Answer 15

DNA —> mRNA

Question 16

translation- initiation

Answer 16

mRNA goes to ribosome and subunits bind together

Question 17

translation- elongation

Answer 17

aa’s are released from tRNA as their anticodons bind to mRNA codons and added to pp chain

Question 18

translation- termination

Answer 18

stop codon tells translation to stop elongating; pp is freed and ribosome splits

Question 19

protein synthesis

Answer 19

pp chains fold together to create protein

Question 20

what are some things that can cause a protein to stop functioning/denature?

Answer 20

pH changes
temp changes

Question 21

how many possible codons are there?
how many aa’s are there?

Answer 21

64
20

Question 22

DNA polymerase

Answer 22

make DNA strands by assembling nucleotides and “proof-reads” when assembling too

Question 23

helicase

Answer 23

unzips DNA strands by breaking H bonds holding the bases together

Question 24

primase

Answer 24

makes primer so DNA polym. knows where to start replicating

Question 25

ligase

Answer 25

glues DNA fragments (okazaki) together

Question 25

nucelotides

Answer 25

monomer of nucleic acids

Question 26

what are nucleotides (DNA, RNA) made of?

Answer 26

sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous bases (A, G, C, T, U)

Question 27

purine

Answer 27

double rings; guanine and adenine

Question 28

pyrmidines

Answer 28

single rings; thymine, cytosine, uracil

Question 29

DNA replication steps

Answer 29

1. starts at origin 2. helicase unzips strands 3. primase makes primers at both ends 4. DNA polym. builds new strands 5. ligase glues okazaki fragments

Question 30

when does DNA replication need to happen?

Answer 30

interphase, before a cell splits

Question 31

enzymes (-ase)

Answer 31

proteins that speed up/ catalyze reactions

Question 32

what type of bonds pair nucleotide bases?

Answer 32

hydrogen bonds- weaker

Question 33

why is the bottom strand in DNA replication called the lagging strand?

Answer 33

since DNA polymerase can only build in the 5' to 3' direction, it needs to keep going up (keep adding primers) to where the unwinding is happening

Question 34

okazaki fragments

Answer 34

fragments made due to lagging strand; sealed together by ligase

Question 35

what is the end product of DNA replication?

Answer 35

two identical double stranded DNA molecules semi- conservative one strand new, one strand old

Question 36

mutations

Answer 36

change in a DNA sequence insertion, deletion, substitutions

Question 37

base insertions or deletions (frame shift mutations)

Answer 37

adding or subtracting bases (usually disastrous consequences)

Question 38

base substitutions

Answer 38

replacement of one base for another -can have no effect - if 3rd base is changed, likely no change will happen

Question 39

start codon

Answer 39

methionine (MET)

Question 40

stop codon

Answer 40

3 of these; code for no AA

Question 41

upside to mutations

Answer 41

diversity

Question 42

introns

Answer 42

"intruders" - junk/noncoding DNA that is removed during splicing

Question 43

exons

Answer 43

"excellent" -coding regions od DNA; they are spliced together

Question 44

small ribosomal subunit

Answer 44

binding sites for mRNA

Question 45

large ribosomal subunit

Answer 45

binding sites for tRNA

Question 46

does splicing need to happen in prokaryotes?

Answer 46

no! mRNA is prepared already

Question 47

cap and tail

Answer 47

protect RNA from enzymes and help ribosomes recognize it as mRNA

Question 48

what type of RNA is spliced?

Answer 48

mRNA

Question 49

RNA splicing

Answer 49

introns are removed and exons spliced together in nucleus then go to ER (Endoplasmic reticulum)

Question 50

RNA editing (very rare)

Answer 50

insertion, deletion, substitution of a base when errors occur in transcription

Question 51

sugar-phosphate backbone

Answer 51

supports the anti-parallel structure of nucleic acids - 3' to 5' and 5' to 3'

Question 52

how did Franklin discover the structure of DNA?`

Answer 52

x-ray diffraction