Ch. 17: Mutualism Flashcards
(42 cards)
mutualism
ecological interaction b/w 2 species in which both benefit (+)/(+)
generalisrts
species interacts w/ many other species
specialists
species interacts w/ 1 other species or a few closely related species
obligate mutualists
2 species that provide fitness benefits to each other and require each other to persist
- 1 CAN’T live w/o the other
facultative mutualists
2 species provide fitness benefits to each other, but is NOT critical to the persistence of either species
clownfish and sea anemones have ___ mutualism.
facultative mutualism
corals provide a home for _____
photosynthetic algae
- algae needs coral for photosynthesis
- coral do not need algae
can a relationship be obligate and facultative mutualism?
yes!
- 1 species could need the other to survive
- the other species could not need the first species to survive
resource-resource relationship
resource is traded for a different resource
service-resource relationship
organism trades resource for service
- ex: all distributors of seeds
- animal gets food, plants get distributors
- pollinators get food, plants get pollinated
endozoochory
the dispersal of seeds of plants by animals
- some animal eats seeds, but don’t fully digest, then poop them out and spread them (ex: birds)
service-service relationships are…
rare!
service-service relationship
service traded for service
- ex: ant living in plants; ant protected from nature (home) and plant protected (by ants) from other insects or parasites
mycorrhizae
symbiotic relationship b/w fungi and plants
- fungi colonize root system of host plant, increased water and nutrients absorption; fungi act as additional roots (and communication b/w plants)
- plant provide fungi w/ carbohydrates (glucose), water and CO2 from photosynthesis
about ____% of vascular land plants live in some association w/ mycorrhizae fungi
90%
- often fungi allows for survival of plants
mycorrhizae and plants have a ___ mutualistic relationship
facultative
- both can live w/o each other but do better together
2 types of mycorrhizal fungi
endomycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal
endomycorrhizal fungi
hyphae threats penetrate root cells b/w cell wall and cell membrane (enters cell)
ectomycorrhizal fungi
hyphae grow b/w root cells (around root cells, but not through cell walls)
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
endomycorrhizal
- infects plants and trees
- w/in plant cells
- nodules hold nutrients for plants
- coevolution
rhizobium bacteria and plants
mutualistic relationship b/w plants and bacteria
- ex: nitrogen fixing bacteria (if nutrients is low)
protozoans and animals
mutualistic relationship w/ termites
- w/in stomach (gut) and assists w/ digestion of wood particles
rhizobium bacteria and animals relationship
gut bacteria help w/ digestion
bacteria and protozoa are..
they have similar functions but they are NOT the same
- both can be mutualistic w/ animals
