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Ecology > Chapter 4: Adaptations to Variable Environments > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Adaptations to Variable Environments Flashcards

1
Q

Genotype

A

genetic code for traits

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2
Q

3 types of genotypes

A
  • homozygous dominant (BB)
  • homozygous recessive (bb)
  • heterozygous (Bb)
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3
Q

Phenotype

A

physical expression of trait

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4
Q

Gene

A

portion of DNA that codes for a trait

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5
Q

Allele

A

diff forms of same trait

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6
Q

Phenotypic plasticity

A

ability of 1 genotype to produce many phenotypes (depending on environment)
- as envir. changes, phenotypes can change

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7
Q

Bet hedging

A

giving up immediate, potential gain for hedge against total failure (to lower risks)

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8
Q

examples of bet hedging

A
  • Diversification of timing of egg hatching and seed germination
  • Diversified offspring physiology
  • Females mating with multiple fathers
  • Long life with a little reproduction every year
  • Delayed germination of winter annual plants
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9
Q

Phenotypes of Grey Treefrog embyros:

A

Female frogs- lay eggs days before ready to hatch to avoid predation
- Embryos can sense predators’ chemicals; hatch sooner (survive, but vulnerable)
- When tadpoles sense predators, grow large red tail (can be eaten/lost and regrown

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10
Q

Temporal environmental variation

A

how environmental conditions change over time
- depends on the severity and frequency

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11
Q

Weather

A

variation in temp and precipitation over hours–>days

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12
Q

Climate

A

atmospheric background conditions occur throughout year–>years

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13
Q

Spatial environmental variation

A

Adaptation based on environment; changes occurs from place-to-place bc of climate, topography, and soil variation
- ex: soil types, dispersion of seeds
- A moving individual perceives spatial variation as temporal (series of events)
- Faster you move, more conditions you encounter

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14
Q

Phenotypic trade-off

A

neither phenotype does well in both environments

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15
Q

Acclimation

A

environmentally induced change in individual’s physiology
- most rapid responses (reversible)
- Behavioral, anatomical, and morphological

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16
Q

Enemies:

A

predators, herbivores, parasites, pathogens

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17
Q

Hermaphrodite

A

individual w/ male and female gametes

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18
Q

Self-fertilization

A

can reproduce w/ mate or alone

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19
Q

Inbreeding depression

A

decrease fitness caused by mating b/w close relatives

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20
Q

Variation due to biotic conditions:

A

enemies, competitors, mates

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21
Q

Variation due to abiotic conditions:

A

temperature, water availability, salinity, oxygen

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22
Q

Microhabitat

A

specific location w/in habitat that differs in environmental conditions

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23
Q

Water availability adaptations: Plants phenotypic plasticity

A

favors plants that can:
- Close/Open stomata
- Stop/Start transpiration
- Wide/long! root growth (alter root-shoot ratio)

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24
Q

Migration

A

2 seasonal mvmts of animals

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25
Dormancy
condition in which organisms dramatically reduce their metabolic processes
26
4 types of dormancy:
diapause, hibernation, torpor, aestivation
27
Diapause
type of dormancy in insects w/ unfavorable conditions - Insects
28
Hibernation
long term- dormancy in mammals; individuals reduce their energy costs by lowering heart rate and decreasing body temp - Squirrels, bats, bears, etc.
29
Torpor
short-term dormancy; individuals reduce activity and body temps - Birds and mammals
30
Aestivation
shutting down metabolic processes during summer bc of hot/dry conditions - Snails, desert tortoises, and crocodiles
31
Optimal foraging theory
model describes foraging behavior that provides best balance b/w costs and benefits of diff foraging strategies - why animals choose what they eat - how animals adapt to not be eaten or to eat
32
4 responses to food variation in space and time:
central place foraging, risk-sensitive foraging, optimal diet composition, diet mixing
33
central place foraging
acquired food is brought to central place - parents find, bring back to babies - try to decrease distance/time, energy costs, and exposure (costs/benefits)
34
risk-sensitive foraging
influenced by presence of predators
35
optimal diet composition
range of foods w/ low handling time (amnt of energy gained vs time) and depending on environmental availability - handling time- amnt of time predator takes to consume captured prey
36
diet mixing
37
handling time
amnt of time predator takes to consume captured prey
38
fitness
ability to put more genes into a population (reproduction)
39
reaction norm
amnt of time for a species to change
40
polyphenism
more extreme plasticity; environ. dictates phenotype
41
sound sensitivity is greatest when...
the distance b/w ears matches wavelength
42
Phenotypic plasticity in animals:
can show or hide melanin
43
Phenotypic plasticity in plants:
can produce diff colors based on pH of soil
44
Phenotypic plasticity in bacteria:
can turn on or turn off genes
45
Environmental conditions for phenotypic plasticity:
temp, food supply, gravity, light, presence of predators
46
examples of bet hedging
Diversification of timing of egg hatching and seed germination, Diversified offspring physiology, Females mating with multiple fathers, Long life with a little reproduction every year, Delayed germination of winter annual plants
47
adaptations for prey (enemy situation)
Prey alter behavior and growth in response to predators - Improve fitness
48
Temperature adaptations in fish:
Isozymes form phenotypic plasticity - Ex: goldfish swim faster at low temps, can survive high but swim slower
49
adaptations to prevent freezing: fish, insects, amphibians
- fish: glycerol proteins as "antifreeze" - insects: use bark as insulation - amphibians: burry themselves in soil, antifreeze chemicals form ice crystals to avoid tissue damage, animals "thaw" in spring
50
Why animals choose what they eat?
o Lowest risk value o lowest expendable energy o Highest nutrients
51
How do animals adapt to not be eaten or to eat?
o Camouflage, slippery shells, etc. o Speed, heightened senses, etc.
52
examples of predictable temporal environmental variation
day/night, seasonal changes in temp and precipitation
53
examples of not predictable temporal environmental variation
weather and climate
54
examples of temporal environmental variation heavily impacting ecosystems
- droughts, fires, tornadoes, tsunamis (rare frequency) - slowly: warming climate
55
nonplastic genotypes vs. plastic genotypes
- nonplastic: have high or low fitness in varying environments - plastic: have high fitness in both environments (trade-off)
56
traits possible for phenotypic tradeoff
behavior, growth, development, and reproduction
57
what do phenotypically plastic traits respond to?
- environmental cues (smells, sights, sounds, and changes in abiotic condition, and competition) - some respond at diff rates
58
what phenotypically plastic traits are rapid? which are irreversible?
- rapid: behavioral - irreversible: morphology and physiology
59
"Ciliates in the genus Euplotes" adaptations to predators:
sense chemical signals from predators, within hours grow huge wings to make them too big for a predator to eat - takes times to develop, so usually small
60
animals response to food competition
spend more time looking for food or extract more nutrients from food
61
Burmese python food adaptations
increases surface area of digestive tract to break it down quicker and increases blood flow to extract more nutrients
62
temperature adaptations of lizards
move in/out of shade and on/under rocks
63
responses to changes in salinity in aquatic environments
synthesize large quantities of certain amino acids to increase the osmotic potential of the body fluids to match that of the environment (w/o consequences of salt and urea); TO minimize the cost of osmoregulation - to return: metabolize excess free amino acids to reduce their osmotic difference
64
adaptations to lack of oxygen (high altitudes)
increase in red blood cells and hemoglobin to improve oxygen uptake
65
why do locusts migrate?
eat all of food supply; mass migrations cause destruction to crops
66
phenotypically plastic response to very extreme changes in environment
migration, food storage, and dormancy
67
risk-sensitive foraging
altering foraging patterns to avoid predation
68
3 strategies for bet hedging
1. conservative bet-hedging (play it safe, low risk, less variance) 2. diversified bet-hedging (don't pull all eggs in 1 basket, less variance) 3. several strategies at once (random from fixed distribution based on predictions)

Ecology (33 decks)

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