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Ecology > Chapter 20: Movement of Energy in Ecosystems > Flashcards

Chapter 20: Movement of Energy in Ecosystems Flashcards

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1
Q

terrestrial biomes depend on

A

temperature and precipitation levels

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2
Q

aquatic biomes depend on

A

salinity, depth, water flow

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3
Q

primary producers (autotrophs)

A

convert energy from sun –> chemical bond energy by photo/chemosynthesis

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4
Q

primary consumers

A

herbivores

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5
Q

secondary consumers

A

carnivores eat herbivores

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6
Q

tertiary consumers

A

carnivores eat carnivores

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7
Q

decomposers

A

live on dead/decaying matter
- keystone species

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8
Q

biomass

A

energy to build body size

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9
Q

amount of growth and reproduction depend on…

A

energy available

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10
Q

primary productivity

A

rate at which solar/chemical energy is captured and converted into chemical bonds by photo/chemosynthesis
- energy available in an ecosystem
- powers all trophic levels

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11
Q

standing crop

A

biomass of producers present in ecosystem at given place/time

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12
Q

gross primary productivity (GPP)

A

rate at which energy is captured and assimilated by producers in given area in Joules/meter^2/year

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13
Q

net primary productivity (NPP)

A

rate energy is assimilated by producers and converted into producer biomass in area; how much energy the organism has (how much will a consumer get if they eat it; biomass)
- amnt energy available to consumers

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14
Q

NPP =

A

GPP - respiration;
- change in producer biomass over time

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15
Q

__% of solar energy is absorbed for primary productivity

A

40

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16
Q

Egested energy

A

portion of energy consumed that is excreted/regurgitated

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17
Q

Assimilated energy

A

portion of energy that consumer digests/absorbs
- = GPP for producers

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18
Q

Respired energy

A

energy assimilated by consumer for respiration
- net secondary productivity

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19
Q

Net secondary productivity

A

rate of energy used for biomass accumulation
- = NPP for producers

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20
Q

Trophic pyramid

A

distribution of energy/biomass among trophic groups in ecosystem

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21
Q

Trophic groups

A

position on food chain

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22
Q

Pyramid of energy

A

trophic pyramid displays total energy existing at each trophic level

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23
Q

Pyramid of biomass

A

trophic pyramid represents standing crop of organisms present in diff trophic groups

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24
Q

Consumption efficiency

A

% energy/biomass at trophic level consumed by next higher trophic level

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25
Assimilation efficiency
% consumed energy that is assimilated
26
Net production efficiency
% assimilated energy used for growth/reproduction; % assimilated remaining after respiration
27
Ecological efficiency (food chain efficiency)
% net production from 1 trophic level compared to lower trophic level
28
where is energy lost?
o Not all energy is obtained from photosynthesis o Energy loss of respiration (homeostasis) o Energy loss of excretion o Some parts are inedible
29
Energy residence time
length of time energy remains at trophic level
30
Energy residence time equation
Energy residence time (years) = (energy present in trophic level (J/ m2))/ (net productivity (J/m2/year)
31
Biomass residence time
- length of time biomass remains at trophic level
32
biomass residence time equation
Biomass residence time (years) = (biomass present in a trophic level (kg/ m2))/(net productivity (kg/ m2/year)
33
Ecological stoichiometry
balance of nutrients in ecological interactions
34
ecosystem
biotic, abiotic, and nonliving material
35
4 components of an ecosystem (that energy flow links)
abiotic environment, producers, consumers, decomposers
36
GPP =
NPP + respiration
37
abiotic environment includes
soil, climate, atmosphere, particulate matter, solutes in water
38
When a leaf is exposed to light, __ and __ occur; the net uptake of __ represents NPP
photosynthesis and respiration; - CO2
39
when a leaf is concealed in the dark, only ___ occurs.
CO2 respiration
40
Remote sensing
a technique that allows measurement of conditions on Earth from a distant location, typically using satellites or airplanes that take photographs of large areas of the globe.
41
Satellite images that show a pattern of ____ absorption of blue and red light, and ___ reflectance of green light indicate ecosystems with high standing crops.
high, high
42
ecosystem ecology includes:
- how energy flows among the components of an ecosystem - how carbon, nitrogen, and other elements cycle through organisms, sediments, oceans, and the atmosphere - how humans affect the abiotic environment.
43
2-7 trophic structure are described by
food webs / food chain
44
how do you measure biomass?
dehydrate; the dry mass
45
Increases in NPP are _____ correlated with increases in net secondary productivity.
positively
46
where is the most secondary production?
where the most plants/primary production are
47
primary production in terrestrial environments
expect for deserts, terrestrial productivity declines from the equator --> poles
48
highest primary productivity in terrestrial environments and why?
tropical rainforests bc of.... - intense sunlight - warm temps - high precipitation - rapidly recycled nutrients
49
primary productivity in aquatic environments (highest and lowest locations)
highest productivity in coastal waters and lowest in the open ocean
50
highest primary productivity in aquatic environments
swamps and marshes
51
lowest primary productivity in terrestrial environments
deserts (low precipitation) and arctic regions (low temps)
52
terrestrial net primary production is limited by...
- temperature (and sunlight) - precipitation
53
mean annual precipitation is positively related w/ NPP until ___ of annual precipitation is reached
3 m
54
Ecosystems that receive more than 3 m of precipitation experience...
a decline in NPP because nutrients leach from the soil
55
Nutrients such as __ and __ strongly affect NPP in terrestrial ecosystems.
nitrogen and phosphorus - reduces rates of decomposition
56
Grasslands, forests, and tundra habitats all experienced ____ NPP when nitrogen and phosphorus were added.
increased
57
the overall productivity of marine ecosystems is limited by the availability of ____ and ____.
nutrients and light
58
limiting nutrients in the ocean
silicon (for silicate shells) and iron because it attaches to P and precipitates to the bottom
59
on avg how much energy is lost between each trophic level? how much transferred?
~90% lost - 10% transfered
60
aquatic ecosystems have __ trophic levels compared to terrestrial ecosystems because of ____.
- more trophic levels (5) than terrestrial ecosystems (3-4) - bc of... differences in ecological efficiencies
61
avg. number of links in food chain
~ 3.5
62
higher trophic level =
higher ecological efficiency
63
aquatic environments have ___ energy moving up trophic levels compared to terrestrial because…
more energy bc of easy consumption (small producers) and less defense systems
64
where is energy lost at each trophic level?
respiration and maintenance activity
65
aquatic ecosystems trophic pyramids are...
inverted (upside down)
66
net production efficiency is much higher in ___ than ___.
poikilotherms (~75%) than homeotherms (~1%)
67
the longer the residence time, the ___ the accumulation of energy in that trophic level.
greater
68
dead organic matter residence time depends on
- decomposition rate - temps - precipitation - high temps/precipitation = quicker

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