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Ecology > 3: Adaptations to Terrestrial Environments > Flashcards

3: Adaptations to Terrestrial Environments Flashcards

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1
Q

what is special about Camels adaptations?

A

they cool their brains w/ increased blood flow and maintain relatively constant temp in high heat
- 30-40% of body mass is stored water

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2
Q

soil nutrients that plant needs:

A

nitrogen, phosphorous, calcium, potassium,
- oxygen, hydrogen (H + O from water in soil)

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3
Q

water potential

A

measure of water’s potential energy (mvmt of water in soil)

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4
Q

water potential depends on..

A

gravity, pressure, osmotic potential, and matric potential (soil particles)

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5
Q

matric potential

A

potential energy generated by attraction b/w water and soil molecules
- units of pressure (mPa)

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6
Q

Field capacity

A

max amnt of water held by soil particles against gravity; -0.01 mP

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7
Q

Wilting point

A

water potential when plants can’t retrieve water from soil
- ~1.5 MPa

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8
Q

Xylem

A

long tubes transport water and minerals
- ~95% of water comes from transpiration on the leaves

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9
Q

Phloem

A

transport glucose/food/fluid move in any direction ; sieve tube and companion cells

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10
Q

Apoplastic pathway

A

water move cell-to-cell through cell walls

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11
Q

Simplistic pathway

A

water move across cytoplasm–>xylem

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12
Q

Salinization

A

repeated irrigation (w/ salty water) causing increased soil salinity; challenge for crops

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13
Q

Cohesion of water

A

mutual attraction of water molecules
- Attraction of h. bonds causes water to move up xylem
- Helps column of water move up vessels of tall plants

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14
Q

Root pressure

A

osmotic potential in roots draw water into and up xylem
- Counteracted by gravity in o. potential inside root cells

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15
Q

Transpiration

A

water loss bc of evaporation
- stomata open, water levels inside of plant = higher than outside

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16
Q

Cohesion-tension theory:

A

water pulled up roots–>leaves bc of water cohesion and tension generated by transpiration
- limits plant heights to ~130 m

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17
Q

ways plants reduce transpiration (to keep more water)

A
  • waxy cuticle, stomata guard cells open/close
  • keeping needles / shedding leaves
  • orient to minimize/maximize solar gain
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18
Q

Electromagnetic radiation

A

energy from the sun in photons

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19
Q

Highest energy photon =

A

highest frequency, shortest wavelength (nm)

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20
Q

Visible light

A

wavelengths in b/w infrared and ultraviolet radiation visible to human eye

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21
Q

Chloroplasts

A

eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms specialized organelles

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22
Q

Photosynthetically active region of light spectrum

A

visible portion of spectrum; wavelengths suitable for photsyn.
- 400 nm (violet) –> 700 nm (red)
- Plants, algae, bacteria absorb for photosynthesis

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23
Q

Thylakoids

A

stacks of membranes; where light reaction occurs

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24
Q

Stroma

A

fluid filled space our thylakoids; where calvin cycle occurs

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25
Carotenoids function
pigments in thylakoid that absorb solar radiation - reflect orange and red light
26
Chlorophylls function
pigments in thylakoid that capture light energy (solar radiation) for photosynthesis - absorb red and violet light
27
Chlorophylls reflect...
green and blue light - gives leaves their color
28
Chlorophyll a
all organisms have
29
Chlorophyll b, c, d, f
accessory pigments; capture light and give to “a”
30
Photosynthesis
energy from photons (sunlight) --> chem energy in high-energy bonds - occurs in the chloroplast
31
Photosynthesis equation
6 CO2 (from air) + 6 H2O (from roots) + photons (from sun) ----> C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6 O2
32
Light reactions (step 1):
energy from the sun + (H+) + (ADP) --> ATP energy from the sun + (H+) + (NADP+) --> NADPH - occurs in thylakoid
33
Calvin Cycle (step 2):
cell uses energy to convert CO2 --> glucose; in stroma of chloroplast - occurs in stroma - carbon fixation - occurs during day, “dark reactions”
34
C3 photosynthesis
- occurs in chloroplast - in cool climates - 6-carbon sugar catalyzed by Rubisco
35
photorespiration
oxidation of carbohydrates to CO2 and H2O by Rubisco - reverses light reaction of photosynthesis
36
C4 photosynthesis:
---> adds initial assimilation of CO2 when low: ---> catalyzed by PEP (higher affinity for CO2 than Rubisco) - occurs in mesophyll - in hot climates - mostly grains
37
CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism) Photosynthesis:
--> Open stomata for gas exchange at night, close during day - between mesophyll and bundle sheath cells - Water-stressed environments - ex: Cacti, pineapple, etc.
38
Structural adaptations for water loss/gain:
- Shallow/deep roots, rapid uptake of water/storage - cuticles (lead resins), spines, hairs - Reduce water loss - Traps moisture from air
39
Homeostasis
ability to maintain constant internal conditions in varying environments
40
Negative feedback
when system deviates from desired state; internal response mechanisms act to restore that desired state - ex: hypothalamus gland in brain regulates body temp
41
Kidneys:
remove salts and nitrogenous waste from blood in all mammals - Solutes dissolved in water
42
the loop of Henle
helps recover some before secretion, concentrates urine - Direct relationship to kidney size
43
4 sources of heat exchange:
radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation
44
Radiation
emission of electromagnetic energy from sun
45
Conduction
transfer of kinetic energy of heat b/w substance in contact - Depends on surface area, resistance to heat transfer, temp diff
46
Convection
transfer of heat by mvmt of liquids and gases
47
Evaporation
transformation of water from liquid --> gas w/ energy input
48
Surface area =
length^2
49
volume =
length^3
50
Thermal inertia
resistance to change temp due to large body volume
51
Thermoregulation
ability of organism to maintain body temp
52
Homeotherm
organism maintains constant temp w/in cells
53
Poikilotherm
organism w/o constant body temp
54
Blood shunting
adaptation that allows blood vessels to shut off so less of animal’s warm blood flows to cold extremities - ex: humans hands/legs stay cold, while stomach/brain stay warm
55
Independent variable
causes other variables to change
56
dependent variable
effect by change/changing
57
evolutionary adaptation!!
the process of changing physiology, anatomy, and behavior to become more suited to an environment
58
how do kangaroo rats get their water? (in dry environments)
- through food they eat; adaptation to maximize use of water
59
plants need to obtain ___ from their environment (other than from soil)
carbon
60
matric potential = 0 MPa
saturated soil
61
matric potential = -0.01 MPa
field capacity of soil - plants can't extract anymore water
62
matric potential = -1.5
wilting point of soil
63
sand, silt, and clay: order by which holds the most water
most-->least: clay, silt, sand - smaller particles = holds more water
64
3 components of soil:
sand, silt, clay
65
If a root cell has a higher solute concentration than soil water, __ will draw water into root cells
osmosis
66
roots have ___ that prevent larger solutes from leaving the root; allows ions and small molecules to enter
semipermeable membranes
67
most plants use ___ photosynthesis...
C3
68
capillarity action; in plants?
movement of water up a narrow tube - xylem tissue acts as capillary
69
surface tension
a pull that exists on water molecules at an air-water interface
70
as water moves up the tree, ___ decrease
water potential decreases as you move up the tree
71
guard cells in stomata allow for exchange of:
CO2 entry, O2 exit
72
For every 1g of CO2, the plant loses ___ of water.
500g
73
Rubisco (RuBP)
enzyme that incorporates CO2 into plants - open stomata, lower oxygen - closed stomata = too much O2 = stops
74
cacti adaptations to reduce heat loading:
- increase surface area (more loss of heat) - increase reflectivity
75
adaptations to grow in poor soil
- symbiosis (relationship w/ fungi) - grow slowly - keep leaves (ex: evergreen) - storage - grow more roots than shoots; root hairs
76
Epiphytic Plants (Epiphytes)
- adapted to grow in the absence of soil - absorb most nutrients from: rainwater, dust, and particles that collect in/on bark
77
how do mammals conserve water in hot environments
evaporative cooling, reduce activity, seek shade, only come out at night, migrate seasonally, produce concentrated urine, eliminate evaporation losses from lungs
78
extremely hot temps cause...
- denaturing of proteins - accelerated chemical processes - affect properties of lipids/membranes
79
endotherm
warm-blooded
80
ectotherm
cold-blooded
81

Ecology (33 decks)

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