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Ecology > Chapter 11: population distributions > Flashcards

Chapter 11: population distributions Flashcards

1
Q

Fundamental niche

A

range of abiotic conditions under which species can persist
- Range of temp, humidity, salinity conditions that allow population for survive, grow, and reproduce

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2
Q

Realized niche

A

range of abiotic and biotic conditions under which a species persists

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3
Q

Geographic range

A

measure of the total area covered by population
- Climate, topography, soils, vegetative structure

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4
Q

ecological niche modeling

A

process of determining the suitable habitat conditions for a species

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5
Q

ecological envelope

A

range of ecological conditions that are predicted to be suitable for a species
- prediction of where a species could potentially live
- global warming impacts suitable habitats

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6
Q

5 important characteristics for population distributions:

A

geographic range, abundance, density, dispersion, and dispersal

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7
Q

Geographic range

A

all areas its members occupy during their life
- how large an area a population occupies

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8
Q

endemic species

A

species that live in 1 isolated location
- if restricted to specific area, population is susceptible to extinction by natural disaster

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9
Q

cosmopolitan

A

species w/ very large geographic ranges that can span several continents

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10
Q

abundance

A

total number of individuals in a population that exist w/in a defined area
- measure of whether a population is thriving or on brink of extinction

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11
Q

density

A

number of individuals (in 1 population) in a quantified area or volume
- density = (abundance) / (area)
- how many individuals packed into specific location

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12
Q

if density is greater than what habitat can support, individuals will have to ____

A

leave area or population will experience less growth and survival

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13
Q

dispersion

A

describes the spacing of individuals w/ respect to one another w/in geographic range of a population

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14
Q

3 different types of dispersion

A

clustered (aggregated/clumped), evenly space (uniformly), random

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15
Q

Dispersal

A

mvmt of individuals from 1 area to another to colonize areas outside of their geographical range
- w/ good conditions, can be a method for speciation
- To avoid competition or high predation
- NOT migration; dispersal = Do NOT return

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16
Q

Census

A

count of every individual in a population

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17
Q

Survey

A

counting a subset of the population
- Representative of population

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18
Q

Area-and-volume-based surveys

A

surveys define the boundaries of an area or volume and then count all the individuals in the space
- size = rated to abundance and density of population
- can estimate total population size

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19
Q

Line-transect surveys

A

surveys count the number of individuals observed as one moves along a set line (randomization and replication)
- sample survey technique

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20
Q

Mark-recapture surveys

A

researchers capture and mark a subset of a population from an area, return it to the area, and then capture a second sample population after time has passed
- sample survey technique

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21
Q

Lifetime dispersal distance

A

avg distance an individuals moves from where it was hatched/born to where it reproduces

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22
Q

Population abundance vs geographic range:

A

Populations w/ high abundance = large geographic range

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23
Q

Population density vs adult body size:

A

Density of a population is negatively correlated w/ body size
- Smaller individuals live in highest densities, larger individuals live in lowest densities

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24
Q

Dispersal limitation

A

absence of a population from suitable habitat because of barriers to dispersal
- common barriers: physical barriers, ice, climate, altitude, food, water, competition
- Humans can assist animals/plants in overcoming limitations

25
Habitat corridors
strip of favorable habitat located b/w 2 large patches of habitat that facilitates dispersal
26
Ideal free distribution
individuals distribute themselves among different habitats in a way that allows them to have the same per capita benefit - How individuals should distribute themselves among habitats of differing quality
27
Subpopulations
larger population is broken up into smaller groups that live in isolated patches
28
Basic metapopulation model
model describes a scenario in which there are patches of suitable habitat embedded w/in a matrix of unsuitable habitat
29
Source-sink metapopulation model
population model that builds on basic metapopulation model; accounts of the fact that not all patches of suitable habitat are of equal quality
30
Source subpopulations
in high-quality habitats, subpopulations that serve as a source of dispersers w/in a metapopulation
31
Sink subpopulations
in low-quality habitats, subpopulations that rely on outside dispersers to maintain the subpopulation within a metapopulation
32
Landscape metapopulation model
population model that considers both differences in the quality of the suitable patches and the quality of the surrounding matrix
33
Density-dependent population
density is a factor - maximum carrying capacity for population
34
Density-dependent population
density is a factor - maximum carrying capacity for population is a factor
35
Density-independent population
density is not a factor - maximum carrying capacity is not a factor - abiotic and biotic factors limit density
36
3 major types of spatial distribution
aggregated, uniform, random
37
Aggregated spatial distribution
members of population live in groups; family or social grouping - Many eyes to lookout for predation - Resources are localized (water holes, etc.)
38
Uniformly spatial distribution
maintain relatively constant distance b/w individuals - Defending resources, breeding sites, nutrients/water - Animals defend their territories - Some plants and animals have chemical markers for spacing
39
Random spatial distribution
individuals do not form social groups; resources are equally spaced and abundant - Less common - Not helpful for breeding; some are random for most of the year and come together for mating
40
isolation
restrict gene flow, allow for speciation - isolation = speciation depends on: distance factors, time factor, area factor, habitat factor, the flow factor, chance/random events
41
Key processes in ecosystem change
dispersal, drift, selection, speciation - Ideal way to categorize ecological data
42
spatial structure
pattern of density and spacing of individuals in a population
43
most introduced species are...
not invasive and likely won't survive - if they do survive, they are invasive species
44
Clustered dispersion
pattern of dispersion in which individuals are aggregated in discrete groups (ex: social groups or around resources)
45
Evenly spaced dispersion (uniformly)
pattern of dispersion in which each individual maintains a uniform distance b/w itself and its neighbors
46
Random dispersion
pattern of dispersion in which the position of each individual is independent of the position of other individuals in the population
47
vicariance
splitting range; extinction of middle population
48
ultimate cause of dispersal
avoidance of inbreeding and inbreeding depression over time
49
costs of dispersal
- greater risk of death due to increased energy expenditure, unfamiliar habitat, or predation risk - reduced survival or reproductive success bc if of unfamiliarity with new environments
50
costs of dispersal
- greater risk of death due to increased energy expenditure, unfamiliar habitat, or predation risk - reduced survival or reproductive success bc if of unfamiliarity with new environments
51
active dispersal
mvmnt of organism from 1 location to another on its own (by its own means)
52
passive dispersal
mvmnt of organism from 1 location to another by means of a stronger force - ex: water flow, wind, other organism, etc.
53
equation to estimate total population size w/ mark-recapture survey
N = (M x C) / R - N = population size - M = initially captured individuals - R = marked recaptured individuals
54
quantifying dispersal
technique to measure how far individuals travel from 1 source location - can determine life-time dispersal difference
55
3 types of dispersal barriers
1. physiological 2. ecological 3. behavioral
56
common physiological barriers
- physical environments outside of organisms tolerance range land-water, salinity, temperature
57
common ecological barriers
- predation, mating, competition
58
dispersal routes
corridors (most things through), filters (some things and not others), sweepstake route (few cross, but success for those that do)

Ecology (33 decks)

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