Ch 17. Respiratory, Cardiovascular, And Excretory Systems

Question 0

ETS

Answer 0

Contains carbon monoxide 5x more than in smoke inhaled by active smoker. Tar is in full concentration

Question 1

Passive smoker

Answer 1

Non smoker in environment high in ETS (environmental tobacco smoke). Second hand smoker

Question 2

Diaphragm

Answer 2

Done shaped muscle. Flattens when contracted and causes negative pressure inside chest to suck in air. When relaxed, chest volume goes down and forces air out

Question 3

Inhalation

Answer 3

Active

Question 4

Exhalation

Answer 4

Passive except during exercise

Question 5

Speech volume

Answer 5

Amount of air forces passed vocal cords

Question 6

Speech pitch

Answer 6

Muscle that controls length of vocal cords

Question 7

Speech sound

Answer 7

Shape of mouth, lips, tongue, and position of teeth

Question 8

Effects of smoke on speech

Answer 8

Causes scar tissue in larynx, making them sound hoarse

Question 9

Alveoli

Answer 9

300 million alveoli. Approx size of tennis court (160m2)

Question 10

Smoking effects on alveoli

Answer 10

Fills them with tar causing shortness of breath

Question 11

Gas exchange

Answer 11

By simple diffusion

Question 12

Surfactant

Answer 12

Enable exchange and reduces friction

Question 13

Smoking effects on surfactant

Answer 13

Negatively effects composition and causes friction

Question 14

Hemoglobin

Answer 14

Resp pigment that acquires and transports oxygen. 4 protein chains each with single iron atom to bind to o2. Brownish when deox, bright red when ox. Each RBC has 250 mil hemo and can carry 1 bil o2

Question 15

Smoke effects on hemoglobin

Answer 15

CO2 binds 200x better to hemoglobin than oxygen

Question 16

Smoke particles

Answer 16

Tiny bits of partially burned tobacco.

Question 17

Bronchitis

Answer 17

Smoke particles are too small to trigger cough settle in upper resp tract and get trapped in mucus. Swept up by cilia. Smoking increases mucus production and damages cilia lining

Question 18

Cilia

Answer 18

Tiny hairs

Question 19

Asthma

Answer 19

Tiniest smoke particles are drawn into alveoli where there are no cilia and sit for long periods of time, causing fluid accumulation and in turn asthma

Question 20

Emphysema

Answer 20

Scar tissue on lung. Alveoli sacs merge, surface area decreases, Lungs are less elastic and more dead air is not exhaled, increasing chest size (barrel chest). Permanent and irreversible

Question 21

Lung cancer

Answer 21

Many components of smoke are carcinogens

Question 22

Carcinogens

Answer 22

Chemicals known to cause mutations

Question 23

Blood

Answer 23

5L (11 pints).

Question 24

Clotting process

Answer 24

Vessels constrict, sticky platelets attach to damaged tissue ends, and chemical signals are sent initiating clotting cascade.

Question 25

Fibrin

Answer 25

Protein that forms clot

Question 26

Smoking effects on clotting

Answer 26

Increases stickiness of platelets and promotes production of fibrinogen

Question 27

SA node

Answer 27

Sinoatrial node. Controls heart rate

Question 28

Smoking effects on heart

Answer 28

Nicotine speeds heart rate

Question 29

Blood vessels

Answer 29

100,000 miles of capillaries. No living cell is more than 0.1 mm away from one (thickness of a sheet of paper)

Question 30

Cardiovascular disease

Answer 30

Heart or vessel damage.

Question 31

Nicotine and cardiovascular disease

Answer 31

Increases LDL production (bad cholesterol) and deceases HDL production (good cholesterol), increasing risk of atherosclerosis

Question 32

Nicotine

Answer 32

Toxic. Small doses interact with brain by releasing adrenaline and endorphins making it addictive

Question 33

Kidneys

Answer 33

Packed with nephrons. Filter 1,000L blood in 24 hrs.

Question 34

Nephrons

Answer 34

Functional parts of kidneys. Dense network of looped tubules. 1,250,000 per kidney.

Question 35

Filtration

Answer 35

First step in processing waste. Plasma in blood is forced by blood pressure through tiny holes in capillaries into upstream end of nephron. Filter allows water and small molecules past and holds proteins. Now filtrate enters interior of nephron

Question 36

Reabsorption

Answer 36

Second step in processing waste. Reabsorbs across walls of nephron. Gets valuable substances out if filtrate (sugars, amino acids, and water). Water flows out of nephron into kidney on descending loop. Salt is actively secreted into kidney on ascending loop

Question 37

Secretion

Answer 37

Third step in processing waste. Low concentration of toxins in plasma are secreted into collection duct at far end of nephron. Filtrate passes by salty interior and lets more water go into kidney tissue

Question 38

Excretion

Answer 38

Fourth and final step in processing waste. Remaining concentrated fluid (urine) leaves nephron and flows to bladder

Question 39

Micturition

Answer 39

Release of urine from bladder

Question 40

Smoking and kidney function

Answer 40

Damages bladder and filtering capacity of kidneys