Ch. 2 Water, Biochemistry, and Cells

Question 1

life

Answer 1

growth, movement, reproduction, repose to external and internal stimuli, and can maintain homeostasis

Question 2

universal solvent, polar

Answer 2

water

Question 3

polarity

Answer 3

poles have different charges.

Question 4

electronegative

Answer 4

more attractive to electrons. O2 is more so and pulls electrons closer when bonded to H2. creates partial charges. (O2 partially negative and H2 partially positive

Question 5

hydrogen bond

Answer 5

weak bond between adjacent water molecules from partial charges

Question 6

cohesion

Answer 6

tendancy for molecules to stick together. reason water is so difficult to heat.

Question 7

reaction of an acid and a base

Answer 7

salts

Question 8

hydrophobic

Answer 8

non polar

Question 9

hydrophilic

Answer 9

polar

Question 10

measure of acidity or basic. determined by concentration of H+ ions

Answer 10

pH scale

Question 11

different energy levels based on distance from nucleus

Answer 11

electron cloud

Question 12

electron shell

Answer 12

1st level. can hold 2 electrons

Question 13

2nd and 3rd energy shell

Answer 13

can hold 8 electrons each

Question 14

outermost energy level. where bonding occurrs. atoms with same number electrons in this show similar chemical behavior

Answer 14

valence shell

Question 15

atoms share electrons. usually atoms with 4-5 e-

Answer 15

covalent bond

Question 16

atoms take/receive e-. usually atoms with 1-3 and 6-7 e-. creates positive and negative charged ions

Answer 16

ionic bond

Question 17

CH2O ratio. mono, dia, and polysaccharides

Answer 17

carbohydrates. mono and diasaccharides=simple sugars (glucose and sucrose)
polysaccharides=complex sugars (fructose)

Question 18

chains of amino acids. 50% dry weight of cells

Answer 18

protein

Question 19

carboxy grou, side croup, and amino group

Answer 19

amino acid

Question 20

bond between amino acids

Answer 20

peptide bond

Question 21

fold upon themselves to create protein with specialized properties

Answer 21

polypeptide chain

Question 22

primarily hydrocarbons. partially or entirely hydrophobic

Answer 22

lipids

Question 23

3 carbon glycerol molecule with up to 3 hydrocarbon chains. energy storage

Answer 23

fat

Question 24

4 carbon rings. cholesterol. maintain fluidity of membranes

Answer 24

steroids

Question 25

glycerol with only 2 tails. 3rd bond is to phosphate head. head hydrophilic, tail hydrophobic

Answer 25

phospholipid

Question 26

monomers of nucleotides. sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen containing base

Answer 26

nucleic acid

Question 27

helps cells synthesize protein

Answer 27

RNA

Question 28

primary storage of genetic info. deoxyribose sugar

Answer 28

DNA

Question 29

adenine guanine thymine and cytosine

Answer 29

nitrogenous base

Question 30

complementary base pairs

Answer 30

adenine and thymine, guanine and cytosine

Question 31

A and G. 2 ring structures

Answer 31

purine

Question 32

T and C. single ring structures

Answer 32

pyrimidine

Question 33

single celled bacteria with no nucleus or membrane bound organelles

Answer 33

prokaryotic

Question 34

nucleus and organelles with membranes. single and multi celled

Answer 34

eukaryotic

Question 35

plasma membrane

Answer 35

phospholipid bilayer. fluid mosaic (lipids and proteinsmove freely and different regions ahve different lipids and proteins

Question 36

nucleus

Answer 36

houses chromatin (DNA and proteins). studded with nuclear pores to regulate traffic

Question 37

cytosol

Answer 37

watery matrix that houses organelles

Question 38

cytoplasm

Answer 38

cytosol and organelles

Question 39

organelles

Answer 39

covered in membranes

Question 40

mitochondria

Answer 40

convert food to ATP. inner membrane involved in production of ATP, matrix is location of cellular respiration

Question 41

lysosomes

Answer 41

break down substances before mitochondria. roam cell

Question 42

ER

Answer 42

endoplasmic reticulum. rough: synthesizes protein. ribosomes attached. smooth: detoxifies substances

Question 43

vesicles

Answer 43

transport to golgi or plasma membrane

Question 44

ribosomes

Answer 44

built in nucleus and sent to cutoplasm. protein synthesis

Question 45

centrioles

Answer 45

microtubules that move chromosomes when cell divides