1
Q
how to form the mandato positive informal (tú)
A
third person form
2
Q
how to form the mandato negative informal (tú)
A
yo form
drop o
add alternate ending ex. ar to er, er/ir to ar
add no at the beginning
3
Q
you say
A
di
4
Q
you do/make
A
haz
5
Q
you go
A
ve
6
Q
you put
A
pon
7
Q
you go out
A
sal
8
Q
you be… (ser)
A
sé
9
Q
you have
A
ten
10
Q
you come
A
ven
11
Q
don’t go
A
no ve
12
Q
don’t say
A
no di
13
Q
don’t make/do
A
no haz
14
Q
don’t go out
A
no sal
15
Q
don’t be…
ser, yo
A
no sé
16
Q
don’t have
A
no ten
17
Q
don’t come
A
no ven
18
Q
how to form negative tú commands with car verbs
A
c to qu
saque, no saques
19
Q
how to form negative tú commands with gar verbs
A
g to gu
llegue, no llegues
20
Q
how to form negative tú commands with zar verbs
A
z to c
empiezo, no empieces
21
Q
how to form formal commands (Usted/Ustedes)
A
yo form
drop o
add opposite ending
22
Q
conducer, conocer, commands
A
conduzca, conduzcan
conozco, conozcan
23
Q
traer commands
A
traiga, traigan
24
Q
Usted/Ustedes give
A
Dé(n)
25
Usted/Ustedes be (estar)
Esté(n)
26
Usted/Ustedes go
Vaya(n)
27
Usted/Ustedes know (saber)
Sepa(n)
28
Usted/Ustedes be (ser)
Sea(n)
29
how to form the subjunctive
yo form
exchange ends er/ir verbs with ar ends
ar with er/ir ends
30
conocer subjunctive
conozca/as/a/amos/áis/an
31
hacer subjunctive
haga/as/a/amos/áis/an
32
poner subjunctive
ponga/as/a/amos/áis/an
33
venir subjunctive
venga/as/a/amos/áis/an
34
buscar subjunctive
busque/es/e/emos/éis/en
35
pagar subjunctive
paque/es/e/emos/éis/en
36
empezar subjunctive
empiece/es/e/emos/éis/en
37
stem-changing verbs subjunctive rules e-ie verbs
ie for yo, tú, él, ellos
| no change for nosotros and vosotros
38
stem-changing verbs subjunctive rules o-ue
ue for yo, tú, él, ellos
| no change for nosotros and vosotros
39
stem-changing verbs er/ar subjunctive rules
stem changes remain as they do in indicative (boot verbs)
| pensar, piense, pienses, piense, pensemos, penséis, piensen
40
stem-changing verbs ir subjunctive rules
stem changes remain as they do in indicative (boot verbs) but change from e to i, and o to u in third person singular and plural
sentir, sienta, sientas, sienta, sintamos, sintáis, sientan
41
how to form the preterit ar verbs
é, aste, ó, amos asteis, aron
42
how to form the preterit er verbs
í, iste, ió, imos, isteis, ieron
43
how to form the preterit ir verbs
í, iste, ió, imos, isteis, ieron
44
how to form car verbs in preterit
qué, caste, có, camos, casteis, caron
45
how to form zar verbs in preterit
cé, zaste, zó, zamos, zasteis, zaron
46
how to form gar verbs in preterit
gué, gaste, gó, gamos, gasteis, garon
47
how to form leer, creer, and oír preterit
í, íste, yó, ímos, ísteis, yeron
48
how to form the imperfect ar verbs
aba, abas, aba, ábamos, abais, aban
49
how to form the imperfect er/ir verbs
ía, ías, ía, íamos, íais, ían
50
ir imperfect conj
iba, ibas, iba, íbamos, ibais, iban
51
ser imperfect conj
era, eras, era, éramos, erais, eran
52
ver imperfect conj
veía, veías, veía, veíamos, veíais, veían
53
how to form mandato nosotros form
| negative or positive
```
yo form
drop o
add opposite ending
emos for ar verbs
amos for er/ir verbs
```
54
stem changing verbs mandato nosotros form
dormer
competir
o-ue-u durmamos
| e-i-i compitamos
55
pronouns with commands
| where?
added to the end
56
Let's...
Vamos a + infinitive
57
Let's not...
No vayamos a
58
subjunctive uses
```
commands
doubt
emotions
feelings
hopes
influence
probability
requests
recommendations
volition/will
wishes
```
59
present perfect uses
indicate what someone has done
| I have met, we have decided
60
present perfect form
present form of haber and past participle
61
haber present tense
```
he
has
ha
hemos
habéis
han
```
62
how to form the past participle ar verbs
ado
63
how to form the past participle er/ir verbs
ido
64
past participle abrir
abierto
65
past participle escribir
escrito
66
past participle decir
dicho
67
past participle hacer
hecho
68
past participle morir
muerto
69
past participle poner
puesto
70
past participle resolver
resuelto
71
past participle romper
roto
72
past participle ver
visto
73
past participle volver
vuelto
74
past participle ser
sido
75
past participle ir
ido
76
past participle cubrir
cubierto
77
object and reflexive pronoun placement with past participles
before haber
78
past participle traer
traído
79
definite articles (7)
before abstract nouns
before parts of body, clothes (when preceeded by reflexive verb or when possessor is clear)
before days of week to me "on"
before dates and times of day
before names of languages except when they follow de, en or hablar
before titles except San, Santa, don, doña
before names of certain cities, regions, countries
80
indefinite articles (2)
Omitted after
following hacerse, ser
when followed by unmodified noun referring to nationality political affiliation, profession, religion
before cien(to), cierto, medio, mil, otro, tal
after con and sin
in negative sentences and after verbs like buscar, haber, tener when numerical notion of un and una is not important
Used following
before numbers used to indicate approximate amounts
before modified nouns
81
preterit uses (5)
1. specific event in past
2. an act begun/completed in the past
3. sequence or series of completed events moving narrative along
4. relate an action took place in specific amt of time
5. central action
82
imperfect used (6)
1. habitual/repeated actions
2. was/were-ing
3. background information, set the stage, express pre-existing condition
4. tell time in past
5. describe physical/emotional states/characteristics
6. interrupt ongoing action
7. descriptive details of central action
83
doubt expressions/words (4)
dudar
no creer
no estar seguro (de)
no pensar
84
certainty expressions/words (4)
no dudar
creer
estar seguro (de)
pensar
85
reporting results of actions
the windows are closed
the door was open already
estar + past participle
86
yo form
drop o
use opposite ending
= ? (4)
1 negative tù command
2 Usted/Ustedes positive command
3 nosotros positive or negative command
4 subjunctive
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