CH 2 Flashcards
1
Q
A
2
Q
Def
A
Word
3
Q
The chemical process of converting atmospheric nitrogen into assimilated organic compounds.
A
Nitrogen Fixation
4
Q
Unique substances that have unique chemical properties and unbreakable by ordinary chemical means.
A
Elements
5
Q
Mnemonics for remembering the six primary elements in living organisms contain.
A
HONCPS
6
Q
Basic unit of matter and element, and contain PNE.
A
Atom
7
Q
A mnemonics for Proton, Neutron and Electron.
A
PNE
8
Q
Particles that are positively charged.
A
Proton
9
Q
Particles that are uncharged (neutral).
A
Neutron
10
Q
Particles that are negatively charged.
A
Electron
11
Q
A dense structure of protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons that form a “cloud”.
A
Nucleus of an Atom
12
Q
The sum of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
A
Atomic Number
13
Q
The sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.
A
Mass Number
14
Q
A form of an element with different numbers of neutrons than protons and electrons. Isotopes behave differently.
A
Isotope
15
Q
Specific regions that contain atoms and is associated with energy levels.
A
Shells
16
Q
A rule of thumb that reflects a stable element forming 8 electrons, except hydrogen.
A
Octet Rule
17
Q
An atoms most outer shell of electrons. May determine chemically reactivity identity.
A
Valence Electrons
18
Q
Atoms with a net electric charge due to loss or gain of electron/s.
A
Ion
19
Q
A negativity charged ion due to the gain of an electron(s).
A
Anions
20
Q
A positively charged ion due to the loss of an electron(s).
A
Cation
21
Q
A type of bond were two or more atoms share, donate or accept electrons.
A
Chemical Bond
22
Q
A type of chemical bonding with two oppositely charged ions, resulting as a product of salt
A
Ionic Bonds
23
Q
A salt that dissolves in water and conduct electricity.
A
Electrolytes
24
Q
A type of chemically bonding with atoms share paris of valence electrons. (Typically nonMetals+nonMetals).
A
Covalent Bonding
25
A group of atoms joined by covalent bonds.
Molecule
26
A group of different atoms joined together by covalent bonds.
Compound
27
A group of atoms joined together by ionic bonds.
Ionic Compound
28
Molecules that contain at minimum one carbon and hydrogen.
Organic Compounds
29
Molecules that do not contain a carbon and hydrogen
Inorganic Compounds
30
A type of chemical bond where electron are shared equally or unequally between atoms.
Covalent Bond
31
A type of chemical bond where electrons are shared-equally by atoms and are typicall
Non-Polar Covalent Bond
32
A type of chemical bond where electrons are unequally-shared by atoms and are typically asymmetrical.
Polar Covalent Bond
33
A type of week bond formed between hydrogen atoms in identical polar molecules or other polar molecules.
Hydrogen Bonds
34
A quantitative unit that is 6.022 X 10^23 particles and analogues for a dozen of eggs.
Mole
35
moles of solute / liters of solution.
Molarity
36
A process where electrons transfer, often breaking and making bonds.
Chemical Reactions
37
A substance that is changed into products in the course of a reaction.
Reactant
38
A substance that is result from change of reactants in the course of a reaction.
Products
39
A type of reaction where multiple reactants form a complex product.
Synthesis Reactions
A+B=\>AB
40
A type of reaction where multiple reactants separate into multiple products.
Decomposition Reaction
AB=\> A + B
41
A type of substance produced by living organisms which act as cfatalysts.
Enzymes
42
A substance with charges that is able to dissolve in water.
Hydrophilic
43
A substance that does not dissolve in water.
Hydrophobic
44
A measurement unit of acidity, measured on logarithmic scale from 0-14, lowest numbers represent more acidic solutions.
pH
45
A type of chemical that stables pH of solutions and maintains relative constant pH.
Buffers
46
A large organic molecule most are polymers formed by monomers.
Macromolecules
47
A macromolecule that has the subunit of monosaccharides, functions as structural parts of cell walls and stores products.
Carbohydrate
48
A macromolecule that has the function of energy source, storage, source of carbon for bio synthetic products, component of genetic material, structural components of cell walls.
Carbohydrate
49
A macromolecule that has a varying subunit and is a part to of the cell membrane.
Lipid
50
A macromolecule that has the subunit of amino acids and functions as enzyme catalysts and is structural portion of many cell parts.
Proteins
51
A substance produced by a organism has the capability to catalysis, transport, signal reception, regulation, mortality, support.
Enzyme
52
A macromolecule that has the subunit of nucleotides. DNA function is to carry genetic data and RNA plays various roles in protein synthesis.
Nuclei Acids
53
A substance that contains the same molecular formula but different structures.
Structural Isomers
54
Sugar in RNA.
Ribose
55
Sugar in DNA.
Deoxyribose
56
Subunit of disaccharides.
Glucose
57
Sugar in milk.
Galactose
58
Fruit sugar.
Fructose
59
Sugar found on some microbes surfaces.
Mannose
60
Milk sugar.
Lactose
61
Starch.
Maltose
62
Table sugar.
Sucrose
63
A polysaccharides, gel substance obtained by certain red seaweeds.
Agar
64
Polymer of glucose, plant cell walls.
Cellulose
65
Exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans.
Chitin
66
Polymer of Glucose, storage product some bacterial cells.
Dextran
67
Polymer of Glucose, storage product in plants.
Glycogen
68
The joining of macromolecules with subunits by cells synthesis. A type of chemical reaction removes the equivalence of water.
Dehydration Synthesis
69
A type of structural framework of many cells is comprised of proteins.
cytoskeleton
70
The break down of macromolecules into subunits by cells synthesis. A type of chemical reaction adds the equivalence of water.
Hydrolysis Synthesis
71
The arrangement of carbon molecules in an organic compound.
Carbon Skeleton
72
Distinctive chemical arrangements.
Functional Groups
73
Two monosaccharides joined together by covalent bonds.
Disaccharides
74
Many large chains of monosaccharides that form a large complex of carbohydrates.
Polysaccharides
75
A type of macromolecules that play the important roles of cell wall, membrane, energy source and storage, genetic material and last, carbon source for biosynthesis
Carbohydrates
76
A group of molecules that are hydrophilic, non-polar and diverse.
Lipids
77
A lipid that contains only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Most common in nature are triglycerides.
Simple Lipid
78
A fat or oil that contains three fatty acids linked to a 3-carbon glycerol molecule.
Triglycerides
79
Fatty acids that contain no double bonds.
Saturated Fatty Acids
80
Fatty acids that contain one ore more double bonds.
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
81
Fatty acids that contain one double bond.
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids
82
Fatty acids that contain multiple double bonds.
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
83
Hydrogen atoms attached to the double-bonded carbon molecules are on the same side.
Cis-Fatty Acids
84
Fatty acids that contain hydrogen atoms on opposite sides of the double bond.
Trans-Fatty Acids
85
A type of lipid that contains fatty acids and glycerol, plus elements other than carbon.
Common Lipids
86
A phosphate group have a polar phosphate head that is hydrophilic and a non-polar tails that are hydrophobic.
Phospholipids
87
A type of lipid the contains four connected rings, insoluble in water.
Steroids
88
Are the building blocks of protein and exist in 20 different forms.
Amino Acids
89
A type of bond that joins together amino acid groups in linear chain by covalent bonds between the amino acids and the carboxylic acids.
Peptide Bonds
90
A folding pattern in a protein that contains pleated sheets or helix folding.
Primary Structure
91
A folding pattern in a protein that contains a-helix and b-pleated sheet.
Secondary Structure
92
A folding pattern that defines shape and interactions with R-groups that lay over secondary structures of helixes and sheets.
Tertiary Structure
93
A folding pattern in a protein that serve real polypeptide chains interacting to form a protein.
Quaternary Structure
94
Long chains (sequence) of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds.
Polypeptide
95
Amino acids are affected within a protein causing lose of shape, typically by temp, pH and solvents.
Denature
96
A form of storage of cells data.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
97
A unit measurement, monomer (subunit) and is composed of a pentose sugar, phosphate group, and nucleobase.
Nucleotide
98
If a nucleotide sequence of DNA changes, what are the two possible results of protein folding sequence of a protein?
polypeptide and amino acid
99
These units in DNA are the backbone of each strand of the double stranded helical structure.
sugar and phosphate
100
In a double-stranded DNA, the two strands are linked by what type of bonds between the nucleases?
hydrogen
101
Which of the following pairs confirm the base pairing rules?
A-T, G-C.
102
The main differences between RNA and DNA are that RNA has a sugar _____ and has a nuclease _____ instead of thiamine.
ribose, uracil
103
Most macromolecules that are polymers are composed of a subunit called?
monomers
104
The basic unit of a carbohydrate consist of five or six carbon atoms and form a ring, what are they called?
surges or monosaccharides
105
A large complex carbohydrate composed of long chains of monosaccharide subunits or their derivatives.
polysaccharide
106
What is the substance that makes transporters, which are responsible for moving molecules across the cytoplasmic membrane?
protein
107
The chemical bond between the carbon and nitrogen of these two amino acids is specifically referred as a _____ bond.
peptide
108
RNA contains _____ instead of thiamine and _____ instead of deoxyribose.
Uracil, ribose
109
This substance is the basic building block for carbohydrates, generally occurring as a ring-shaped structure.
monosaccharide
110
Because the oxygen atom is more electronegative than hydrogen in a water molecule, is water polar or non polar?
polar
111
What type of bonds do electronegative atoms like oxygen and nitrogen likely make in biological systems?
hydrogen bonds
112
Short double-stranded DNA come apart at lower temperatures, because of what type of bonds?
hydrogen bonds
113
This source of energy includes ribose, adenine and three phosphate groups. High energy is released via hydrolysis of phosphate bonds.
ATP
114
This type of base found in nucleic acids contains adenine, cytosine, guanine, thiamine and uracil.
Nucleobases
115
A nucleotide that consists of deoxyribose, adenine, cytosine, guanine and thiamine.
DNA Nucleotides
116
The class of molecules that encode the genetic information of the cell.
Nucleic Acids
117
What is the maximum capacity the first shell can hold?
2 electrons
118
What is the study of matter called?
Chemistry
119
What abundant molecule makes half the mass of living organisms?
Water
120
When a disaccharides made up of two monosaccharides joins together, what type of bond does it form?
covalent
121
Cell walls of plans, fungi, and bacteria are made of?
carbohydrates
122
