ch 24 Flashcards
1
Q
Diarrhea that occurs as a complication of taking antimicrobial medications.
A
Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea
2
Q
Fluid produced by the liver that aids in the digestion and absorption of fats.
A
Bile
3
Q
Causes dental caries (tooth decay).
A
Cariogenic
4
Q
Scarring of the liver that interferes with normal liver function.
A
Cirrhosis
5
Q
A serious form of diarrhea characterized by blood, pus, and mucus in the feces.
A
Dysentery
6
Q
Acute inflammation of the stomach and intestines; the syndrome of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain.
A
Gastroenteritis
7
Q
Inflammation of the gums.
A
Gingivitis
8
Q
A severe condition characterized by red blood cell breakdown and kidney failure.
A
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS)
9
Q
Inflammation of the liver.
A
Hepatitis
10
Q
Tiny extensions from the surfaces of cells such as those lining the intestinal villi; they increase the surface area of the mucosa.
A
Microvilli
11
Q
A treatment used to replace fluid and electrolytes lost due to diarrheal disease.
A
Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT)
12
Q
Short finger-like projections from the intestinal mucosa that slow the movement of food and increase the surface area of the intestinal lumen.
A
Villi
13
Q
a route, administered or occurring elsewhere in the body than the mouth and alimentary canal: parenteral nutrition. Often contrasted with enteral.
A
parenteral route
14
Q
an inflamed blister in or near the mouth, caused by infection with the herpes simplex virus.
A
cold sores
15
Q
a single-celled microscopic animal of a group of phyla of the kingdom Protista, such as an amoeba, flagellate, ciliate, or protozoan.
A
protozoan
16
Q
๐ธ-๐๐ช๐ก๐-๐ ๐ Gastroenteritis, caused by many serotypes of salmonella bacterium, typically caused by animal fecal or poultry contaminating food or water.
A
salmonellosis
17
Q
โ๐๐ฆ๐ค๐๐ฅ๐๐ง๐ ๐ธ๐๐๐๐ฅ of salmonellosis.
The two species of ๐๐ง๐ญ๐๐ซ๐จ๐๐๐๐ญ๐๐ซ๐ข๐๐๐๐๐, the S. enterica and S. bongori are both identified using ______ ______ method.
A
DNA sequence
18
Q
โ๐๐ฆ๐ค๐๐ฅ๐๐ง๐ ๐ธ๐๐๐๐ฅ of salmonellosis.
The ๐บ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ strains are subdivided based ______, found on the soma, flagella, and capsule.
A
antigens
19
Q
โ๐๐ฆ๐ค๐๐ฅ๐๐ง๐ ๐ธ๐๐๐๐ฅ of Salmonellosis.
In naming, due to the antigens, the serotype is often included and replaced by the ______ name.
Ex: ๐บ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ (๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐) ๐๐ฎ๐๐ฅ๐ข๐ง
A
subspecies
20
Q
Causative Agent of salmonellosis.
Most cases of salmonellosis are caused by food infected with ______, which often infects cattle and poultry, though other animals such as domestic cat and hamsters
A
๐บ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐
21
Q
โ๐๐ฆ๐ค๐๐ฅ๐๐ง๐ ๐ธ๐๐๐๐ฅ of ๐บ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
It is a Gram (-) rod and the most studied member of the ______ genus.
A
๐๐ง๐ญ๐๐ซ๐จ๐๐๐๐ญ๐๐ซ๐ข๐๐๐๐๐โ
22
Q
๐ผ๐ก๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐บ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
It is caused by Ingestion of food contaminated by animal feces, especially _____.
A
poultry
23
Q
๐ผ๐ก๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐บ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
Medication increase susceptibility to _____, like ๐บ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
A
pathogens
24
Q
๐๐๐๐๐ค & ๐๐ช๐๐ก๐ฅ๐ ๐๐ค of salmonellosis.
They vary depending on strains. The _____ strain causes bloody diarrhea, headaches, fever and *HUS.
A
๐บ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐-๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ฌ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐
25
The ๐บ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐-๐๐๐๐
๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ฌ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐ strains are named ______ \_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_:\_\_\_\_\_\_.
**E** **coli** **O157:H7**
26
๐๐๐๐๐ค & ๐๐ช๐๐ก๐ฅ๐ ๐๐ค of ๐บ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐-๐๐๐๐
๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ฌ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐.
They cause _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_ ______ marked by anemia due to lysis of red blood cells and kidney failure, similar to \*cholera.
hemolytic uremic syndrome
27
๐ธ-๐๐ช๐ก๐-๐ ๐ infectious bacterial fever with an eruption of red spots on the chest and abdomen and severe intestinal irritation.
typhoid fever
28
๐๐๐๐๐ค & ๐๐ช๐๐ก๐ฅ๐ ๐๐ค of typhoid fever is characterized by high fever, headache, and abdominal pain. Maybe followed by intestinal rupture causing internal _______ then shock, and death.
bleeding
29
โ๐๐ฆ๐ค๐๐ฅ๐๐ง๐ ๐ธ๐๐๐๐ฅ of typhoid fever.
This member of Enterobacteriaceae grows both in the intestine and blood, it is a ๐บ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ serotype, Gram (-) and found in humans.
๐บ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐
30
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐บ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐.
The strain crosses ______ intestinal membrane and invades the bloodstream. This causes the life-threatening enteric-fever.
Mucous
31
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐บ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐.
The strain also crosses the _______ intestinal
epithelium
32
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐บ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐.
The strain is then taken up by **\_\_\_\_\_\_** cell where within it multiplies.
macrophages
33
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐บ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐.
After invading M-cells, multiplying in macrophages it then travels throughout the body by this \_\_\_\_\_\_.
bloodstream
34
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐บ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐.
If **\_\_\_\_\_\_** of patches are destroyed, then the intestine ruptures and hemorrhages.
Peyerโs
35
๐ผ๐ก๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐บ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐.
The source of infection is caused by **\_\_\_\_\_\_** of mammal.
Humans
36
๐ผ๐ก๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐บ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐.
Transmission from person to person is by _____ method.
fecal-oral
37
โ๐ฃ๐๐ง๐๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐ & ๐๐ฃ๐๐๐ฅ๐๐๐๐ฅ of ๐บ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐.
Although there are antimicrobial medications, the ______ typhoid vaccine helps prevent the typhoid fever.
Inactivated
38
๐ธ-๐๐ช๐ก๐-๐ ๐ both infectious and often fatal bacterial disease of the small intestine, typically contracted from infected water supplies, causing severe vomiting and diarrhea.
Cholera
39
๐๐๐๐๐ค & ๐๐ช๐๐ก๐ฅ๐ ๐๐ค of Cholera.
It causes a classical symptom of ______ when the **toxins** of the bacteria act on the **small intestinal epithelium**.
Watery-diarrhea
40
๐๐๐๐๐ค & ๐๐ช๐๐ก๐ฅ๐ ๐๐ค of Cholera.
The symptoms include diarrhea, vomiting, and cramps which have **\_\_\_\_\_\_** onset.
Abrupt
41
โ๐๐ฆ๐ค๐๐ฅ๐๐ง๐ ๐ธ๐๐๐๐ฅ of Cholera.
In 1883, Robert Koch isolated _____ that is both alkali and salt tolerant, curved, Gram (-) rod.
๐ฝ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐
42
๐ธ-๐๐ช๐ก๐-๐ ๐ Rapid test for stool specimens from ๐ฝ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ revealed the ______ ๐ฝ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
toxicogenic
43
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ฝ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
In general, the toxin causes secretion of chloride, electrolytes, and water out of the intestinal epithelium and into the \_\_\_\_\_. Without rehydration, shock happens.
lumen
44
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ฝ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
It enters through by **\_\_\_\_\_\_** transmission of food or drink.
oral-fecal
45
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ฝ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
They attach to the **\_\_\_\_\_\_** of cells in the small intestine.
epithelial
46
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ฝ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
Inside the epithelial cells, the bacterium releases a toxin substance, causing the cells to continuously ______ chloride ions, then electrolytes and water.
secrete
47
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ฝ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
The secreted liquids from the _____ cells travel to lumen intestinal region, causing watery diarrhea.
epithelial
48
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ฝ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
After causing dehydration, the bacteria use the ______ route to exit the body with fluids.
Feces
49
โ๐ฃ๐๐ง๐๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐ & ๐๐ฃ๐๐๐ฅ๐๐๐๐ฅ of ๐ฝ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
The main treatment consists of oral and **\_\_\_\_\_\_** therapy, which **rehydrates fluid and electrolytes**.
Intravenous
50
โ๐ฃ๐๐ง๐๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐ & ๐๐ฃ๐๐๐ฅ๐๐๐๐ฅ of ๐ฝ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
Although a vaccine is available in some countries, handwashing and _______ water limit the disease.
purifying
51
๐ธ-๐๐ช๐ก๐-๐ ๐ infection by a bacterium that causes peptic ulcers in the stomach and the uppermost part of the small.
H. pylori infection
52
๐๐๐๐๐ค & ๐๐ช๐๐ก๐ฅ๐ ๐๐ค of H. pylori infection.
They are often asymptomatic, but ______ ulcers can cause abdominal pain, tenderness, and bleeding.
peptic
53
๐๐๐๐๐ค & ๐๐ช๐๐ก๐ฅ๐ ๐๐ค of H. pylori infection.
Infection may occur if **\_\_\_\_\_** is introduced into the layer of mucus that overlies the stomach epithelium.
tube
54
โ๐๐ฆ๐ค๐๐ฅ๐๐ง๐ ๐ธ๐๐๐๐ฅ of H. pylori infection.
It is a microaerophilic bacterium that withstands stomach acid by producing urease.
๐ฏ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐
55
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ฏ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐.
They thrive in stomach acidity by producing **\_\_\_\_\_\_,** an enzyme. They infect when burrowed within stomachโs mucus coating.
urease
56
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ฏ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐.
**The \_\_\_\_\_\_** of the layer is damaged by bacterial products and inflammatory response.
This may lead to peptic ulcers.
mucosal
57
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ฏ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐.
Most stomach cancers are due to H. pylori, but it causes cancer **\_\_\_\_\_\_**.
Rarely
58
๐ผ๐ก๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ฏ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐.
The most probable route is ______ transmission. Incidence do increases with age.
Oral-fecal
59
๐ธ-๐๐ช๐ก๐-๐ ๐ Gastroenteritis from the consumption of contaminated raw foods, raw vegetables and most notable, undercooked ground beef.
Escherichia coli Gastroenteritis
60
๐๐๐๐๐ค & ๐๐ช๐๐ก๐ฅ๐ ๐๐ค of E. coli Gastroenteritis.
Varies per strain, most are \_\_\_\_\_\_, and cause brief diarrhea.
harmless
61
โ๐๐ฆ๐ค๐๐ฅ๐๐ง๐ ๐ธ๐๐๐๐ฅ of E. coli Gastroenteritis.
The _______ is a type of gram (-) rod, most strains ferment **lactose** which distinguishes them from the similar Shigella family.
๐ฌ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐
62
โ๐๐ฆ๐ค๐๐ฅ๐๐ง๐ ๐ธ๐๐๐๐ฅ of Toxic E. coli Gastroenteritis.
This ๐ฌ. ๐๐๐๐ strain produces types of Shiga toxins, and even make other toxins as well. Most identified in outbreaks.
๐บ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐-๐๐๐๐
๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ฌ. ๐๐๐๐
63
๐๐๐๐๐ค & ๐๐ช๐๐ก๐ฅ๐ ๐๐ค of the ๐บ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐-๐๐๐๐
๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ฌ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐.
It causes severe diarrhea, stomach cramps, diarrhea, vomiting and ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_.
HUS
| (hemolytic uremic syndrome)
64
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐บ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐-๐๐๐๐
๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ฌ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐.
The Shiga toxin strains are encoded by various prophages, a great example ______ conversion.
lysogenic
65
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐บ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐-๐๐๐๐
๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ฌ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐.
It typically colonizes **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**, where it infects **effector proteins** that cause attaching and **effacing (A/E) lesions.**
large intestine
66
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐บ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐-๐๐๐๐
๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ฌ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐.
The colonization damage results in diarrhea which becomes bloody due to the ______ \_\_\_\_\_ on the local blood vessels.
Shina Toxins
67
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐บ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐-๐๐๐๐
๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ฌ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐.
About \_\_\_\_\_\_% develop the hemolytic uremic syndrome.
5-10
68
๐ผ๐ก๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐บ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐-๐๐๐๐
๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ฌ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐.
They are easily spread by **\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_** transmission in addition to food-borne.
direct contact
69
๐ผ๐ก๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐บ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐-๐๐๐๐
๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ฌ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐.
The initial source typically originates from untreated manure from **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.**
cow
70
๐ธ-๐๐ช๐ก๐-๐ ๐ infection, that is caused by a form of viral hepatitis transmitted by fecal contamination of hands, food, or water.
Hepatitis-A-Infection
71
๐๐๐๐๐ค & ๐๐ช๐๐ก๐ฅ๐ ๐๐ค of Hepatitis-A-Infection.
It usually causing fever and jaundice with no _____ carriers. Its preventable by vaccination.
chronic
72
โ๐๐ฆ๐ค๐๐ฅ๐๐ง๐ ๐ธ๐๐๐๐ฅ of Hepatitis-A-Infection.
The _______ is non-enveloped, ssRNA picornavirus family.
๐ฏ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐จ ๐๐๐๐๐
73
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ฏ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐จ ๐๐๐๐๐.
Following ingestion, the virus reaches the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, by an unknown route.
liver
74
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ฏ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐จ ๐๐๐๐๐.
The liver is the only tissue damaged, this is the organ which _____ occurs.
replication
75
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ฏ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐จ ๐๐๐๐๐.
The virus is released into the bile and eliminated by \_\_\_\_\_\_.
feces
76
๐ผ๐ก๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of HAV.
It spreads by **the \_\_\_\_\_\_** route, mostly by fecal-contaminated hands, food, or water.
fecal-oral
77
๐ผ๐ก๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ฏ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐จ ๐๐๐๐๐.
**The ______ group** is at high risk, also elderly at nursing homes, travelers and sexual active contact.
children
78
โ๐ฃ๐๐ง๐๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐ & ๐๐ฃ๐๐๐ฅ๐๐๐๐ฅ of ๐ฏ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐จ ๐๐๐๐๐.
**The \_\_\_\_\_** vaccine prevents and immune globulin treatment.
Inactivated
79
๐ธ ๐๐ช๐ก๐-๐ ๐ severe form of viral hepatitis transmitted in infected blood and semen, causing fever, debility, and jaundice.
Hepatitis B Infection
80
๐๐๐๐๐ค & ๐๐ช๐๐ก๐ฅ๐ ๐๐ค of Hepatitis B Infection.
Unlike Hep-A, it is more _____ and this-type of disease which leads to cirrhosis and cancer. It also can cross the placenta.
severe
81
โ๐๐ฆ๐ค๐๐ฅ๐๐ง๐ ๐ธ๐๐๐๐ฅ of Hepatitis B Infection.
It is the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, an **enveloped**, double-stranded DNA hepadnavirus.
๐ฏ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐-๐ฉ-๐๐๐๐๐
| (HBV)
82
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ฏ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐-๐ฉ-๐๐๐๐๐.
It first infects the _____ cell.
liver
83
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ฏ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐-๐ฉ-๐๐๐๐๐.
In the liver, it uncaots and is transported to \_\_\_\_\_, a site of the cell.
nucleus
84
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ฏ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐-๐ฉ-๐๐๐๐๐.
**RNA polymerase** transcribes the \_\_\_\_\_\_, generating **mRNA** and then **pgRNA**.
cccDNA
85
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ฏ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐-๐ฉ-๐๐๐๐๐.
The mRNA is translated, producing the virally encoded proteins, then viral particles assemble and **HBV-encoded** -reverse-transcriptase packages into \_\_\_\_\_\_.
pgRNA
86
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ฏ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐-๐ฉ-๐๐๐๐๐.
After assembling, the virus acquires **its \_\_\_\_\_** and it exits from the cell.
envelope
87
๐ผ๐ก๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ฏ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐-๐ฉ-๐๐๐๐๐.
It spread by **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** and or products containing, also by semen if sex.
blood
88
๐ธ-๐๐ช๐ก๐-๐ ๐ form of viral hepatitis transmitted in infected blood, possibly semen, causing chronic liver disease. It was formerly called non-A, non-B hepatitis.
Hepatitis C Infection
89
๐๐๐๐๐ค & ๐๐ช๐๐ก๐ฅ๐ ๐๐ค of Hepatitis C Infection.
Typically, few or no symptoms but the progression of **the \_\_\_\_\_\_** damage cause **cirrhosis** and **cancer** in chronic carriers.
Liver
90
โ๐๐ฆ๐ค๐๐ฅ๐๐ง๐ ๐ธ๐๐๐๐ฅ of Hepatitis C Infection.
The ______ is an enveloped, single-stranded RNA flavivirus.
๐ฏ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐-๐ช-๐๐๐๐๐
91
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ฏ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐-๐ช-๐๐๐๐๐.
Within the host cell, the viral genome is translated as a single _____ that is then cleaved by HCV protease into multiple proteins.
polyprotein
92
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ฏ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐-๐ช-๐๐๐๐๐.
The virus infects the _____ and triggers inflammatory and immune responses.
liver
93
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ฏ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐-๐ช-๐๐๐๐๐.
After that, the disease process starts and stopsโat times the liver seems to return to normal, then weeks or months later shows marked \_\_\_\_\_\_.
inflammation
94
๐ผ๐ก๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ฏ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐-๐ช-๐๐๐๐๐.
Most acquire the disease by sharing of syringes, others by tattoos, infected objects. Risk from blood transfusion is now extremely \_\_\_\_\_\_.
low
95
๐ธ-๐๐ช๐ก๐-๐ ๐ Gastroenteritis caused by a virus, most common in infants and children.
Rotaviral Gastroenteritis
96
๐๐๐๐๐ค & ๐๐ช๐๐ก๐ฅ๐ ๐๐ค of Rotaviral Gastroenteritis.
Vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, lasting 5 to _____ days
8
97
โ๐๐ฆ๐ค๐๐ฅ๐๐ง๐ ๐ธ๐๐๐๐ฅ of Rotaviral Gastroenteritis.
Double-walled capsid virus, ds-segmented-RNA genome
๐น๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐
98
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐น๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
It infects the epithelial cells that line the upper part of the _____ intestine.
small
99
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐น๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
The infection causes epithelial cell death and decreased the production of _____ enzymes.
digestive
100
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐น๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
The damaged lining _____ to absorb fluids, leading to watery diarrhea.
fails
101
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐น๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
In addition, one of the viral proteins appears to function as an enterotoxin, causing fluid secretion in a manner somewhat similar to _____ toxin.
cholera
102
๐ผ๐ก๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐น๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
Most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in _____ and children in the United States;
infants
103
๐ธ-๐๐ช๐ก๐-๐ ๐ viral gastroenteritis, most common originally called โNorwalk viruses,โ The viruses are designated a category B bioterrorism agent because they spread easily.
Norovirus Gastroenteritis
104
๐๐๐๐๐ค & ๐๐ช๐๐ก๐ฅ๐ ๐๐ค of Norovirus gastroenteritis.
Typically causes nausea, vomiting, and watery diarrhea, but _____ in teenagers and adults.
severe
105
โ๐๐ฆ๐ค๐๐ฅ๐๐ง๐ ๐ธ๐๐๐๐ฅ of Norovirus gastroenteritis.
The ______ is a non-enveloped, ssRNA virus.
๐ต๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐
106
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ต๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
Noroviruses infect the epithelium of the upper small intestine, causing epithelial cell death and decreased the production of _____ enzymes.
digestive
107
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ต๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
For reasons that are not understood, _____ to noroviruses is only short-term, lasting just several months.
immunity
108
๐ผ๐ก๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ต๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
Transmission of noroviruses is primarily by the _____ route
fecal-oral
109
๐ธ-๐๐ช๐ก๐-๐ ๐ intestinal infection caused by a parasite. It is a common cause of travelerโs diarrhea.
Giardia
110
๐๐๐๐๐ค & ๐๐ช๐๐ก๐ฅ๐ ๐๐ค of Giardia.
They include \_\_\_\_\_, flatulence, nausea.
indigestion
111
โ๐๐ฆ๐ค๐๐ฅ๐๐ง๐ ๐ธ๐๐๐๐ฅ of Giardia.
It is a flagellated pear-shaped protozoan with two nuclei.
๐ฎ๐๐๐๐
๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐
112
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ฎ๐๐๐๐
๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
the _____ survive in chlorinated water but can be removed by filtration.
cysts
113
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ฎ๐๐๐๐
๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
The Cysts enter the mouth, Ingested cysts survive \_\_\_\_\_, then to the lower small intestine.
stomach
114
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ฎ๐๐๐๐
๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
The Trophozoites are released from cysts in the small intestine, where dehydration in _____ intestine stimulates cyst development.
large
115
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ฎ๐๐๐๐
๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
Mature cysts or trophozoites are eliminated in the _____ to contaminate soil, water, hands, and food.
feces
116
๐ผ๐ก๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ฎ๐๐๐๐
๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐.
Ingestion of focally _____ water; low infectious dose; person-to-person spread
contaminated
117
๐ธ-๐๐ช๐ก๐-๐ ๐ diarrheal disease caused by microscopic parasites, that can live in the intestine of humans and animals and is passed in the stool of an infected person or animal.
Cryptosporidiosis
118
๐๐๐๐๐ค & ๐๐ช๐๐ก๐ฅ๐ ๐๐ค of Cryptosporidiosis.
Fever, loss of \_\_\_\_\_, nausea, abdominal cramps, watery diarrhea
appetite
119
โ๐๐ฆ๐ค๐๐ฅ๐๐ง๐ ๐ธ๐๐๐๐ฅ of Cryptosporidiosis.
The _____ \_\_\_\_\_ is a protozoan parasite, apicomplexan.
๐ช๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐
๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐
120
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ช๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐
๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐.
It is ______ due to animal models for the disease
unknown
121
โ๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ช of ๐ช๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐
๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐.
Analysis of biopsies from infected patients confirms these protozoans are both present in the ______ epithelium.
intestinal
122
