CH 21 Flashcards
1
Q
Inflammation of the throat, common of viral infection.
A
Pharyngitis
2
Q
Inflammation of the bronchi. Smoking and viral infections are common causes.
A
Bronchitis
3
Q
Inflammation of the larynx, causing hoarseness.
A
Laryngitis
4
Q
Inflammation of the lungs characterized by filling air sacs filling with fluids such as puss and blood.
A
Pneumonia
5
Q
The infection of the middle ear, a route microbes enter.
A
Otitis Media
6
Q
A type of bacterial infection that develops along S. pyogenes (GAS) strains. It causes abnormal high fevers, most notable for the ripe-strawberry tongue look, roughening of skin and pink-red rash on the body.
A
Scarlet Fever
7
Q
A toxoid vaccine contains Diphtheria, Tetanus toxoids, and Bordetella pertussis antigens combined to initiate immunization. Booster Shots every ten years maintain immunity.
A
DTaP
8
Q
A Toxin-mediated disease marked by pseudomembrane in the upper respiratory tract. Preventable by immunity (DTaP).
A
Diphtheria
9
Q
This bacterial infection is generally known as strep throat, it causes inflammation of the pharynx, throat, swelling of lymph nodes but with no fever.
A
Streptococcal Pharyngitis
10
Q
The Symptoms of Streptococcal Pharyngitis cause the throat to red, form pus and small hemorrhages. The time frame is short and typically last?
A
one week
11
Q
The Causative Agent of Streptococcal Pharyngitis
It is Gram (+) bacteria. Rapid diagnostic tests are used to confirm if GAS-antigen is present if not agar tests confirm if b-hemolysis is present.
A
Streptococcus pyogenes
12
Q
In the Pathology of Streptococcus pyogenes ,
the types of molecules it makes determines specific niches they possess.
A
Virulence factors
13
Q
In the Pathology of Streptococcus pyogenes ,
this Virulence-Factor inhibits phagocytosis by reading an enzyme that “destroys” complement component C5a, which typically lures phagocytes to the bacterial infection site.
A
C5a peptidase
14
Q
In the Pathology of Streptococcus pyogenes ,
this virulence-factor inhibits phagocytosis. An acid surrounds the carbohydrate-based bacterial capsule, protecting It protects it from phagocytosis by neutrophils.
A
Hyaluronic acid
15
Q
In the Pathology of Streptococcus pyogenes ,
this virulence-factor mediates attachment to fibrin, a protein on epithelial cells in the mucous membrane.
A
Protein F
16
Q
In the Pathology of S. pyogenes,
this virulence-factor interferes with opsonization. It’s a cell wall protein, the Fc receptor that bind binds the Fc portion of IgG. This preventing opsonization by antibodies.
A
Protein G
17
Q
In the Pathology of S. pyogenes,
few strains contain the virulence-factor of Superantigens, which trigger massive activation of T-Cells, resulting in a cytokine storm. Toxic-Stains vary, causing Scarlet Fever to toxic shock.
A
SPEs
(Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins)
18
Q
In the Pathology of Streptococcus pyogenes ,
this virulence-factor enzyme inhibits the immune response and induces b-hemolysis. The enzyme destroys both Leukocyte and erythrocytes by producing holes in their cell membrane, respectively.
A
Streptolysin O and S
19
Q
Another type of factor-virulence is an enzyme that enhances the spread of bacteria by breaking down DNA, proteins, blood clots, tissue, hyaluronic acid.
A
Tissue-degrading enzymes
20
Q
In the Epidemiology of Streptococcus pyogenes ,
This host is only affected.
A
humans
21
Q
In the Epidemiology of Streptococcus pyogenes ;
The S. pyogenes strep-throat strains are more common in Nasal, then the Pharyngeal cavities, thus it uses a precise organ-system for transmission that involves air-borne droplets.
A
respiratory
22
Q
In the Epidemiology of Streptococcus pyogenes ;
The strain shifts less effective in long-term carriers, it becomes harmless to host or others. This is all due to a specific deficiency.
A
M-Protein
23
Q
This factor is vital for cells and required for movement of the eukaryotic ribosome on mRNA. If this factor is inhibited, then protein synthesis stops and cells die.
A
EF-2
(elongation factor 2)
24
Q
An acute, highly contagious bacterial infection of the mucous membranes in the throat. It is toxin-mediated but now rare in the US.
A
Diphtheria
25
The **Causative Agent** in **Diphtheria**.
is a rod “club” shaped bacteria, irregular gram (+) due to metachromatic granules that are an ID in Potassium-tellurite agar but enhanced in Löffler's medium.
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
26
The **Signs & Symptoms** of Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
It starts with severe lethargy, discomfort, and sore throat. The neck then swells. Inside the pharynx, a specific white-gray substance is growing that may potentially cause suffocation.
pseudomembrane
27
In the **Pathology** of Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
The C. diphtheriae possesses decreased invasive ability, causing it to enter this specific organ system, but not blood or tissue.
throat
28
In the **Pathology** of Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
It produces an A-B toxin. A cell membrane recognizes **one of** **these specific toxins** and absorbs both the A-B toxin. Inside, they separate into subunits.
Toxin-B
29
In the **Pathology** of Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
## Footnote
After the Subunits, Toxin-AB sperate inside the cell, this **specific extremely toxin** then becomes a functional enzyme that inactivates all the cells EF-2, but not all toxin is used up in the reaction.
toxin-A
30
In the **Epidemiology** of Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
The primary reservoirs are this **specific mammal,** they additionally frequently occurs in homeless populations.
Humans
31
In the **Epidemiology** of Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
The method of transmission of *C. diphtheriae* occurs in \_\_\_\_\_, furthermore, it is then acquired from inhalation or fomites.
air
32
The is the most frequent **viral infection** that affects the "nose" in humans.
Common Cold
33
The **Common Cold** affects 2-4 adults a year, in comparison, children get ______ a year.
8
34
The **Signs & Symptoms** of the Common Cold;
Begins within 1-2 days, with malaise followed by a runny nose that changes color from green or cloudy and forms runny to a **\_\_\_\_\_\_** consistency. Sneezing and congestion common.
thickens
35
The **Signs & Symptoms** of the Common Cold;
Typically it lasts a week with no fevers. Although, mild _____ may continue longer.
coughs
36
The **Signs & Symptoms** of the Common Cold;
Do contain fevers and chills? True or False
False
37
The **Signs & Symptoms** of the Cold;
They might be produced by other _____ or bacteria.
viruses
38
The **Causative Agents** of the Common Cold;
The most common causative agents of the Common Cold are also referred to as _____ viruses.
Cold
39
The primary **Causative Agent** of the Common Cold,
is known as _____ or the “Horney nose” virus, it accounts for 30-50% of colds and contains 100 strains.
HRV (human rhinoviruses)
40
**Pathology** of *Human rhinoviruses*.
comes from the “Small RNA” ______ family of non-enveloped ssRNA viruses.
picornavirus
41
In the **Pathology** of Human rhinoviruses,
first Viruses attach to ______ epithelium, starting an infection that spreads to adjacent cells, killing and stopping ciliary action.
respiratory
42
In the **Pathology** of Human rhinoviruses.
later the inflammatory response causes _____ secretions and ultimately stopped by the innate and adaptive immune responses.
mucous
43
In the Epidemiology of Human rhinoviruses.
\_\_\_\_\_ are the only source of cold viruses.
Humans
44
In the **Epidemiology** of Human rhinoviruses.
It is not highly contagious. However, children may start outbreaks, due to their lack of care of nasal secretions and hand \_\_\_\_\_.
washing
45
In the **Epidemiology** of Human rhinoviruses.
\_\_\_\_\_ stress double the risk of developing a cold, temperatures are not responsible.
emotional
46
This **new emerging disease** first appeared in 1993, with young vigorous victims developing flu-like symptoms and dying within days.
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
47
The **Signs & Symptoms** of Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome;
First start with fever, muscle aches, especially in the _____ back. With nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea
lower
48
The **Signs & Symptoms** of Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome,
the final symptoms include a dry cough, sever _____ of breath followed by shock and death.
cough
49
The **Causative Agent** of Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome;
Is caused by hantavirus \_\_\_\_\_, the “no-name.” It belongs to the bunyavirus order.
Sin-Nombre-Virus
50
The **Epidemiology** of Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome;
The syndrome is the zoonosis, it is transmitted by mice. Person-to-person transmission occurs \_\_\_\_\_\_, if any.
rarely
51
**Pathogenesis** of Sin-Nombre-Virus.
The bunyavirus, are \_\_\_\_\_, is a three-segment ssRNA virus.
enveloped
52
In the **Pathology** of Sin-Nombre-Virus;
It entrance occurs in lungs and infects cells that line \_\_\_\_\_\_. It moves to circulatory system and body.
capillaries
53
In the **Pathology** of Sin-Nombre-Virus;
The inflammatory response responds to _____ that appear from the invader, in lungs, hear and organs.
antigens
54
In the **Pathology** of Sin-Nombre-Virus,
The virus enters the body by the _____ of airborne dust that has been contaminated with urine, feces, or saliva of infected rodents.
inhalation
55
In the **Pathology** of Sin-Nombre-Virus,
The bunyavirus order primarily infects \_\_\_\_\_, without obvious harm to the host, however typically family members have a specific host species.
rodents
56
A highly contagious **respiratory tract infection** that is also called the “**an intensive cough**”. Preventable by the vaccine.
**Pertussis**
| (Whooping Cough)
57
The **Signs & Symptoms** of Pertussis;
Is marked by _____ stages.
three
58
The **Signs & Symptoms** of Pertussis,
The first stage _____ resembles upper respiratory tract infection with a runny nose, cough, and fever.
Catarrhal
59
The **Signs & Symptoms** of Pertussis;
in the second stage, _____ is marked by spasms of violent coughing, which seldom leads to vomiting and convulsions
paroxysmal
60
The **Signs & Symptoms** of Pertussis,
in the third stage, _____ is marked by less persistent coughing, during recovery.
convalescent
61
The **Causative Agent** of Pertussis;
The ______ pertussis is an encapsulated Gram (-) rod bacterium.
Bordetella pertussis
62
**Pathology of** Bordetella pertussis
It is tiny, strictly \_\_\_\_\_. Making it sensitive to drying and sunshine.
aerobic
63
In the **Pathology** of Bordetella pertussis,
it colonizes the _____ of the upper respiratory tract and tracheobronchial system.
surfaces
64
In the **Pathology** of Bordetella pertussis;
The ciliary action is slowed. Toxins released by B. pertussis cause death of epithelial cells and increased \_\_\_\_\_;
cAMP
65
In the **Epidemiology** of Bordetella pertussis;
It is transmitted via Inhalation of infected droplets, and older children and adults have _____ symptoms.
mild
66
In the **Epidemiology** of Bordetella pertussis;
it is _____ contagious, spread via respiratory secretions suspended in air.
highly
67
Previously a common disease/ This disease is a potentially serious infectious bacterial disease today that mainly affects the lungs.
Tuberculosis Disease
68
The **Signs & Symptoms** of Tuberculosis Disease
At first is asymptomatic lung infection, which results in \_\_\_\_\_.
LTBI
| (latent tuberculosis infection)
69
The **Signs & Symptoms** of Tuberculosis Disease
The second infection consists of a persistent cough, often producing blood-streaked sputum, weight loss, night sweats and is called the \_\_\_\_\_.
TB disease
| (tuberculosis disease)
70
The **Causative Agent** in Tuberculosis Disease
It is caused _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_ or commonly called tubercle bacillus, is slender, acid-fast, rod-shaped bacterium.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
71
The **Causative Agent** Mycobacterium tuberculosis;
it has an unusual cell wall that contains a large amount of _____ acids, making it strong.
mycolic
72
In the **Pathology** of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
The colonization of the _____ produces an inflammatory response.
alveoli
73
In the **Pathology** of Mycobacterium tuberculosis;
After the inflammatory response, ingestion by macrophages follows, but organisms \_\_\_\_\_.
survive
74
In the **Pathology** of Mycobacterium tuberculosis;
The surviving invaders are carried by the _____ to the lymph nodes, lungs, and other body tissues. The infecting bacteria multiply in granulomas form.
macrophages
75
The **Epidemiology** of Mycobacterium tuberculosis;
The M. tuberculosis is transmitted by Inhalation of airborne organisms, but latent infections can \_\_\_\_\_.
Reactivate
76
The **Epidemiology** of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
The LTBI rates are lowest in \_\_\_\_\_\_, but that is the opposite for minority groups, elderly and the poor.
White
77
The **Epidemiology** of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
The TST or Man-Toux is a _____ test for M. tuberculosis.
skin
78
The **Epidemiology** of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
The IGRAs (QFT-G) test are fast and done on the same day, while the Xpert MTB/RIF are slow, in-home testing that detects \_\_\_\_\_.
DNA
79
This type of lung infection is the most common, and most serious form of pneumococcal disease
pneumonia
80
The **signs & Symptoms** of Pneumococcal pneumonia
They include _____ colored sputum from degraded blood, single shaking chill, shortness of breath and chest pain
rust
81
The **Causative Agent** of Pneumococcal pneumonia.
They are _____ pneumonia, a Gram (+) diplococcus known as pneumococcus
Streptococcus pneumoniae
82
**Pathology** of Streptococcus pneumoniae,
It contains the thick polysaccharide _____ is responsible for the organism’s virulence
capsule
83
In the **Pathology** of Streptococcus pneumoniae.
The host inhales encapsulated pneumococci, where it colonization the _____ that triggers an inflammatory response.
alveoli
84
In the **Pathology** of Streptococcus pneumoniae.
As a result, plasma, blood, and inflammatory cells fill the alveoli. This causes pain from the involvement of _____ endings.
nerve
85
The Epidemiology of Streptococcus pneumoniae .
It contains high carrier’s rates, those at increased risk have conditions such as alcoholism, narcotic use, and viral infections that _____ the mucociliary escalator. Other predisposing factors are chronic heart or lung disease, diabetes, and cancer.
impair
86
The "\_\_\_\_\_\_" pneumonia, is **relatively mild pneumonia**, common among college students and military recruits. Cannot be treated with medications that inhibit cell wall synthesis.
walking
87
The Signs & Symptoms of "walking pneumonia".
They include a _____ onset of pneumonia symptoms with a headache, fatigue and muscle aches.
Gradual
88
The **Causative Agent**, of "walking pneumonia".
It is Mycoplasma pneumonia, a small bacterium that has no cell \_\_\_\_\_.
wall
89
In the Pathology of Mycoplasma pneumonia.
It is caused by Inhalation of infected \_\_\_\_\_.
droplets
90
In the **Pathology** of Mycoplasma pneumonia.
The bacterial cells attach to specific receptors on the _____ epithelium. Inhibition of ciliary motion and destruction of cells follow.
respiratory
91
In the Epidemiology of Mycoplasma pneumonia.
\_\_\_\_\_ infections are common, and these infected people often spread the disease.
Mild
92
A type of pneumonia that was unknown until 1976 with the responsible bacteria of legionella.
Legionnaires’ Disease
93
The Causative Agent of Legionnaires’ Disease.
It is ______ \_\_\_\_\_, a Gram (-) bacterium that stains poorly in clinical specimens.
Legionella pneumophila
94
The **Signs & Symptoms** of Legionella pneumophila.
They include flu-like symptoms, with confusion and small amounts of sputum, w/o blood. _____ of breath is common.
Shortness
95
In the **Pathology** of Legionella pneumophila.
It multiplies within \_\_\_\_\_; released with the death of the cell; necrosis of cells lining the alveoli; inflammation and formation of multiple small abscesses
phagocytes
96
The **Epidemiology** of Legionella pneumophila.
It originates mainly from warm water contaminated with \_\_\_\_\_\_, such as found in air-conditioning systems.
protozoa
97
The **Epidemiology** of Legionella pneumophila .
It transmits via _____ water drops, making smokers and those with disabled defenses are most at risk of developing the disease.
aerosolized
98
The _____ infection causes mild, cold-like symptoms with dusky coloration, fever and difficulty breathing.
Respiratory syncytial virus infections
99
The **Causative Agent** of Respiratory syncytial virus infections .
The HSRV that produces \_\_\_\_\_, cells in cultures fuse together, forming clumps.
syncytial
(Human respiratory syncytial virus )
100
In the **Pathology** of Respiratory syncytial virus infections.
The sloughing of respiratory epithelium and inflammatory response plug bronchioles, cause bronchiolitis. _____ results from bronchiolar and alveolar inflammation, or secondary infection.
Pneumonia
101
In the Epidemiology of Respiratory syncytial virus infections .
The Yearly epidemics during the cool months. It readily spread by otherwise healthy older children and adults who often have mild symptoms. It has ______ lasting immunity.
no
102
Known as the “flu” A type of disease in birds and some mammals.
Influenza
103
The **Sign & Symptoms** of “Flu”.
They consist of Fever, muscle aches, lethargy, headache, sore throat, congestion and a _____ cough develops and worsens over a few days.
dry
104
The **Causative Agent** of the “Flu".
It is the _____ \_\_\_\_\_ _____ and is the only species of the genus of the Orthomyxoviridae family of viruses.
Influenza-A-Virus
105
The **Pathology** of Influenza-A-Virus.
In infection _____ epithelium, the cells are destroyed, lyse, allowing the infection to spread. Secondary bacterial infection results from the damaged mucociliary escalator.
respiratory
106
The **Pathology** of Influenza-A-Virus.
The Antigenic drift and Antigenic shift prevent \_\_\_\_\_\_.
immunity
107
In the **Pathology** of Influenza-A-Virus.
The viruses change seasonally due to _____ drift;
antigenic
108
In the **Pathology** of Influenza-A-Virus.
While in contrast with drifts, the antigenic shifts cause \_\_\_\_\_.
pandemics
109
In the **Epidemiology** of Influenza-A-Virus.
It can be deadly, especially in _____ risk groups. The new vaccines developed yearly.
high
110
The _____ disease is known as for the Spelunkers, who explore caves. The disease is rare and mimics TB.
Histoplasmosis
111
The **Signs & Symptoms** of Histoplasmosis.
They are mostly \_\_\_\_\_. Fever, cough, and chest pain are the most common symptoms, sometimes with shortness of breath. Mouth sores may develop, especially in children.
asymptomatic
112
The **causative agent of** Histoplasmosis is
\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_, is a dimorphic fungus.
Histoplasma capsulatum
113
The **pathology** of Histoplasma capsulatum .
The Microconidia are inhaled, it changes to yeast phase and multiplies in \_\_\_\_\_.
macrophages
114
The **pathology** of Histoplasma capsulatum .
In macrophages, ______ form and the disease spreads throughout the body in people with AIDS or other immunodeficiency’s.
granulomas
115
In the Epidemiology of Histoplasma capsulatum.
The fungus grows in \_\_\_\_\_. Spelunkers are at risk of infection.
guano
116
An infection called _____ is caused by a fungus. This infection is sometimes called The Valley Fever because it occurs in hot, dry areas of the Western Hemisphere
Coccidioidomycosis
117
The **Signs & Symptoms** of Coccidioidomycosis.
They are “flu-like”, loss of appetite and weight. Nodules and joint paint, _____ like symptoms.
TB
118
The **Causative Agent** of Coccidioidomycosis.
It is the ______ \_\_\_\_\_, a dimorphic fungus
Coccidioides immitis
119
In the **Pathology** of Coccidioides immitis .
After lodging in a lung, arthroconidia develop into _____ that mature and rupture to release endospores, each of which then develops
into another spherule;
spherules
120
In the Pathology of Coccidioides immitis.
The inflammatory response damages tissue and ______ to fungal antigens cause painful nodules and joint pain.
hypersensitivity
121
In the **Epidemiology** of Coccidioides immitis.
Inhalation of airborne C. immitis arthroconidia occurs with _____ from soil growing the organism.
dust
