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Microbiology 1113 > CH 5 > Flashcards

CH 5 Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

A process that removes or destroys on or in products

  • microbes
  • viruses

using

  • filtration
  • heat
  • chemicals
  • irradiation
A

Sterilization

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2
Q

An item that is free of all

  • viable microbes
  • endospores
  • viruses

however not prions.

A

Sterile

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3
Q

A process that decreases most or all pathogens in or on materials with disinfectants.

A

Disinfection

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4
Q

Types of chemicals used for disinfecting inanimate objects.

A

Disinfectants

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5
Q

A chemical that is toxic to many life forms, typically called germicides.

A

Biocides (Life, Kill)

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6
Q

A type of biocide-germicide that targets bacteria.

A

Bactericides

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7
Q

A type of biocide-germicide that targets fungi.

A

Fungicide

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8
Q

A type of biocide-germicide that targets viruses, however it makes this target inactive.

A

Virucides

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9
Q

A type of biocide-germicide chemical that works as an antimicrobial, it is non-toxic and used on skin or other body tissue.

A

Antiseptics

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10
Q

A process that decreases pathogens to safe levels by

  • washing
  • heat
  • disinfectants.
A

Decontamination

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11
Q

A process that implies the decrease of pathogens to a safe level, set by health standards and does not meet specific level of control.

A

Sanitization

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12
Q

A process that slows microbial growth of perishable products with storage controls or bacteriostatic chemicals.

A

Preservation

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13
Q

A type of chemical that preservers food by inhibiting the growth of bacteria, not killing them.

A

Bacteriostatic

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14
Q

A type of treatment with brief heat that reduces or destroys microbes without changing characteristics of the product.

A

Pasteurization

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15
Q

A type of infection that is acquired in a hospital or other healthcare facilities.

A

Healthcare-associated Infections (HAIs)

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16
Q

A type of technique that ensures of pure cultures by having all media and instruments sterilized.

A

Aseptic Technique

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17
Q

A water disinfecting process where unwanted by products such as chlorine reacting with naturally occurring chemicals.

_____ by-productins.

A

Disinfection by-Products (DBP’s)

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18
Q

The most resistant microbes that only extreme heat or chemical treatment ensures the complete destruction of.

A

Bacterial endospores

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19
Q

A type of highly resistant microbe that are disinfectant-resistant, appear in feces of animals and unlike endospores, destroyed by boiling.

Protazoan ____ and _____.

A

Protozoan cysts and Oocysts

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20
Q

A type of highly resistant microbe that has a waxy cell that makes them resistant to many chemical treatments. More toxic chemical must be used. _____ species.

A

Mycobacterium species

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21
Q

A type of common environmental microbe that are resistant to some disinfectants, but also may grow in disinfectants. _____ species.

A

Pseudomonas Species

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22
Q

A type of virus that lacks a lipid envelope and are prone to be resistant to disinfectants.

_____-_____ viruses.

A

Non-Enveloped Viruses

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23
Q

The time value required for killing 90% of bacterial population under specific conditions, the _____ value.

A

D Value

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24
Q

A type of categorization based on risk for transmitting infections agents, where instruments come in contact with body tissue such as needles and scalpels. These instruments must be sterile.

A

Critical Instruments

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25
A type of **categorization** based on **risk for transmitting infections agents**, where the instruments come in contact with mucous membranes such as gastrointestinal endoscopes and endotracheal tubes. _____ instruments.
Semi-critical instruments
26
A type of **categorization** based on **contact with unbroken skin and pose little risk for infections**, such as countertops, stethoscopes and blood pressure cuffs. _____ instruments and \_\_\_\_\_.
Non-critical instruments and surfaces
27
**Method groups** that destroys microbes by **denaturing portions** using a form of **mosture and heat**. _____ \_\_\_\_\_.
Moist Heat
28
A **method of destroying microbes** where **temperatures reach 100℃** (sea level) in boiling water, easily destroying most microbes and viruses, however endospores are not killed.
Boiling
29
A **method of destroying** heat-sensitive **spoilage** **organisms and pathogens**.
Pasteurization
30
A **method of destroying** dairy products by **heating milk to 72℃ for 15 seconds**. \_\_\_\_\_ temperature _____ time.
High-Temperature-Short-Time (HTST)
31
A **method of destroying** all microbes that grow under **normal storage conditions**, where temperatures reach up to 140℃ for brief seconds, used in shelf-stable boxed products. _____ high \_\_\_\_\_.
Ultra-High-Temperature (UHT)
32
A **method of sterilization** that uses **pressure**, **heat and moisture**, typically sterilized in an autoclave, where steam and atmospheric pressure **never exceed 100℃ but steam at 15 PSI is 121℃**. This procedure kills endospores. \_\_\_\_\_ steam.
Pressurized Steam
33
A **method of sterilization** that is a **commercial standard** where canning uses **industrial-sized autoclaves** called a retort, and thermophiles may survive. _____ sterile.
Commercially Sterile
34
A **method of destroying microbes** using **dry heat** that is less efficient and requires longer times and higher temperature. _____ heat.
Dry Heat
35
A **method of removing microbes** within **liquids** using a **filter** that contains microscopic pores that allow liquid to flow through while trapping particles too large to pass, typically **0.2μm** to filter bacteria.
Microfilters
36
A **method of removing microbes** within **liquids** using a filter that **traps material** with thick porous filtration much as cellulose fibers, **electron charges** on the walls help **hold** microbial cells. _____ filters.
Depth Filters
37
A **method of removing microbes** within the **air** that remove nearly all **airborne** particles 0.3μm or larger. _____ filters.
HEPA filters
38
A type of **waves that consists** of radio, micro, visible waves and ultraviolet light, x and gamma rays. _____ \_\_\_\_\_.
Electromagnetic Radiation
39
A **method of destroying microbes using waves or rays** that damanges **DNA,** **cytoplasmic membranes** and **eliminating pathogens** and decreasing spoilage microbes using gamma rays emitted from decaying radio-isotopes such as cobalt-60 and x-rays. Bacterial endospores are resistant. \_\_\_\_\_ radition.
Ionizing Radiation
40
A **method of destroying microbes using waves or rays** by damaging **DNA** using **220-300nm wavelengths**. Bacterial endospores are the most UV-resistant. \_\_\_\_\_ radation/light.
Ultraviolet Radiation/Light
41
A **method of destroying microbes using waves or rays** that is **lethal** to microbes, it affects them **indirectly by the heat generated**. Heat-sensitive cells may survive the process. \_\_\_\_\_.
Microwaves
42
A **method used to decrease the number of microbes** in commercial food produces, with pressures of up to 130,000 psi. This denatures proteins, altering cell operability. \_\_\_\_\_ presure.
High-Pressure
43
A type of **germicidal-chemical** that **may** **destroy all microbes**, including viruses. Destruction of endospores requires a 6-10 hour treatment. They are also known as sporicides.
Sterilants
44
A type of **germicidal-chemical** that destroys all **viruses** and **vegetative** **microbes** but reliable **not** ***endospores*** with short exposure. _____ \_\_\_\_\_ disinfectants.
High-Level Disinfectants
45
A type of **germicidal-level disinfectant** that destroys all vegetative bacteria, most but not all viruses and not endospores, even with long exposure. _____ level disinfectants.
Intermediate-level disinfectants
46
A type of **germicidal-level disinfectant** that destroys **fungi**, **vegetative bacteria**, ***except mycobacteria and enveloped viruses***. Does not kill endospores, nor destroy non-enveloped viruses. \_\_\_\_\_ level disinfectants.
Low-Level Disinfectants
47
**Points on choosing the right germicides** includes the **hazards** of chemicals to the **environment** and **humans**, only the benefit must be weighed.
Toxicity
48
A **class of germicidal chemical** that quickly kills **vegetate bacteria** and **fungi** but ***doesn’t reliably destroy bacterial endospores***. This is done by denaturing essential proteins and damaging lipid membranes. Non-toxic and inexpensive, no residue. Evaporates quick, limits contact time and germicidal effectiveness. Damage rubber, plastics and other materials.
Alcohols
49
A **class of germicidal chemical** that destroy **microbes** and **viruses** by forming chemical bonds that link and inactivate proteins and nucleic acids. Suspected as a carcinogen and irritating vapors.
Aldehydes
50
A **class of germicidal chemical** that destroys a wide range of **microbes** including **vegetative bacteria**, **fungi**, and ***some enveloped viruses***. Adverse side effects of chlorhexidine as example are rare.
Biguanides
51
A **class of germicidal chemical** that destroys all **microbes**, including **endospores** and **viruses** by reacting with proteins. It is a gaseous sterilizing agent. It **penetrates** well into fabric, equipment, **pacemakers** and **artificial hips**. It is extremely flammable mixed with non-flammable gas. This chemical is **mutagenic**, may cause carcinogenic. _____ oxide.
Ethylene Oxide
52
A **class of germicidal chemical _gas_** that contains chlorine or iodine, common disinfectant that are thought to act by reacting with proteins and essential components.
Halogens
53
A **class of germicidal chemical** within **halogen** **disinfectants** that are **inexpensive**, readily **available** but **_corrosive_** and **_toxic_** at high concentrations. Must be prepared **_regularly_**.
Chlorine
54
A class of **germicidal chemical within the _halogen_** disinfectants that unlike chlorine, it is unreliable at **_killing endospores_**, but often used as a **disinfectant**. **Pseudomonas** species survive in concentrations of a form this chemical.
Iodine
55
A **class of germicidal compounds** that kill microbes by interfering with function of enzymes and proteins with a **sulfhydryl group**. These compounds can be highly **_toxic_** and may cause in **_extensive pollution_** of natural waters. _____ compounds.
Metal compounds
56
A **class of germicidal _gas_** that is a powerful **oxidizing** **agent**, it **decomposes** quickly, needs to be generated on-site. An alternative for disinfecting **drinking and waste** **water**, instead of chlorine.
Ozone
57
A **class of germicidal chemical** that is particularly useful as a **disinfectant**, leaving **no residue** **nor damage** to stainless steel, rubber, plastic or glass. _____ Peroxide.
Hydrogen Peroxide
58
A class of **germicidal chemical** that is affective in the presence of **organic compounds**, leaving no residue and is used in a wide range of materials. It has a sharp, strong **order** and it **irritates** skin and eyes. _____ acid.
Peracetic Acid
59
A **class of germicidal chemical** that destroys cytoplasmic membranes of microbes and denatures proteins. They kill most **vegetative bacteria** and in high concentrations may kill mycobacterium species. Not reliable for inactivation of all groups of **_viruses_**. They have a wide range of activity, reasonable cost, ability to main effective in the presence of **detergents** and **organic contaminants**. they also leave an active antimicrobial **_residue_** which is undesirable. **_Environmental_** concerns.
Phenolic
60
A **class of germicidal chemical** that reacts with the membranes, destroying **vegetative bacteria** and **_enveloped viruses_**, not affective against **_endospores_**, **_mycobacteria_** or **_non-enveloped viruses_**. They are economical, effective and widely used. They may cause super bugs like **_Pseudomonas_**. Quaternary _____ compounds.
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (Quats)
61
A **class of chemical _preservative_** that are weak organic acids **added to food**. They affect cell membrane function by **lowering the pH** prevent growth of most bacteria. \_\_\_\_\_, _____ and _____ acids.
Benzoic, ascorbic and propionic acids
62
A **class of chemical _preservative_** that inhibits the **germination of endospores** and subsequent growth of **Clostridium botulinum**. They pose **_potential hazard_**, some are **_carcinogens_**.
Nitrate
63
A method of growth inhibition of many pathogens and spoilage microbes by slowing or stopping critical enzyme reactions. Psychotorophic and some psychrophilic organisms can grow at using this method.
Low-Temperature Storage

Microbiology 1113 (16 decks)

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