CH 6

Question 1

The sum of all chemical reactions in a cell.

Answer 1

metabolism

Question 2

The processes in metabolism that are the breakdown of complex molecules in organisms that form similar ones with the release energy.

Answer 2

Catabolism

Question 3

The processes in metabolism of synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones with the storage of energy.

Answer 3

Anabolism (biosynthesis)

Question 4

A unit that is defined as the capacity to do work, exists as potential and kinetic energy.

Answer 4

Energy

Question 5

The processes in metabolism where organisms use sunlight to synthesize nutrients from carbon dioxide and water.

Answer 5

Photosynthetic

Question 6

The processes in metabolism where a type of organism oxidize the chemical bonds in compounds to use as energy source. These compounds include sugars, fats and proteins.

Answer 6

Chemoorganotrophs

Question 7

The processes in metabolism, where the metabolic or chemical processes are accompanied by the release of energy.

Answer 7

exergonic

Question 8

The processes in metabolism where the metabolic or chemical are accompanied by or require the absorption of energy.

The products being of greater free energy than the reactants.

Answer 8

endergonic

Question 9

A sequence of chemical reactions undergone by a compound or class of compounds in a living organism.

Answer 9

metabolic pathway

Question 10

A substance that is produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction.

Answer 10

enzyme

Question 11

A substance or layer that is acted upon by an enzyme.

Answer 11

substrate

Question 12

The minimum quantity of energy that reacting species must possess in order to undergo a specified reaction.

Answer 12

activation energy

Question 13

A compound consisting of an adenosine molecule bonded to three phosphate groups, present in all living tissue. The breakage of one phosphate linkage forms ADP, which provides energy for physiological processes.

Answer 13

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Question 14

A compound consisting of an adenosine molecule bonded to two phosphate groups, this compound often is interconverted to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and monophosphate (AMP).

Answer 14

adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

Question 15

In the formation of energy for Chemoorganotroph, this substrate-level releases energy in an exergonic reaction and used to power the addition of Pi to ADP.

substrate-level _____.

Answer 15

substrate-level phosphorylation

Question 16

In the formation of ATP in Chemoorganotroph, this process forms ATP as a result of the transfer of electrons from NADH or FADH2 to O2 by a series of electron carriers.

Answer 16

oxidative phosphorylation

Question 17

The energy of the sunlight is used in ______ of ADP to form ATP.

Answer 17

photophosphorylation

Question 18

The chemical that serves as the electron donor.

Answer 18

energy source

Question 19

A compound that receives or accepts an electron during cellular respiration or photosynthesis.

_____ electron acceptor.

Answer 19

terminal electron acceptor

Question 20

A type of chemical reaction that involves a transfer or electrons between two species.

_____-reduction reactions

Answer 20

oxidation-reduction reactions (redox reactions)

Question 21

A reaction that undergoes or causes a reaction in which electrons are lost to another species.

Answer 21

oxidized

Question 22

Types of molecules that are capable of accepting one or two electrons from one molecule and donating them to anther processes of electron transport.

Answer 22

electron carriers

Question 23

The capability of compounds such as NADH and NADPH of donating hydrogen and electrons in reduction reactions in cells.

_____ power.

Answer 23

Reducing power

Question 24

intermediates of catabolic pathways that are used in anabolic pathways, they serve as carbon skeletons from which subunits of macromolecules can be made.

_____ Metabolites

Answer 24

Precursor Metabolites

Question 25

A type of **metabolic pathway** that links together **carbohydrates, amino acids, fat acid** and **degradation** and **supplies** procurers for various biosynthetic pathways. \_\_\_\_\_ metabolic pathways

Answer 25

central metabolic pathways

Question 26

In the central **metabolic pathways**, this pathway **breakdown glucose** by **enzymes**, **releasing energy** and **pyruvic acid**.

Answer 26

Glycolysis

Question 27

In **the central metabolic pathways**, this pathway is **parallel to glycolysis**, it **generates NADPH** and **pentoses** and as well as **ribose 5-phosphate**, the last one a precursor for synthesis of nucleotides.

Answer 27

Pentose phosphate pathway

Question 28

In **the central metabolic pathways**, this pathway has the sequence of reactions used by all **aerobic organisms** to **generate energy**. \_\_\_\_\_ acid cycle (TCA cycle) Two molecules of carbon dioxide are given off, one molecule of GTP is formed, three molecules of NAD+ are combined with hydrogen (NAD+ → NADH), One molecule of FAD combines with hydrogen (FAD → FADH2).

Answer 28

Tricarboxylic acid cycle | (TCA cycle)

Question 29

In **the central metabolic pathways**, this pathway **breaks sugars** into a form that the **cell can use as energy**. Glucose (sugar) + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy (as ATP) \_\_\_\_\_ respiration

Answer 29

Cellular respiration

Question 30

In **the central metabolic pathways**, this pathway has **four stages**. The steps are: Glycolysis → Link reaction → Krebs cycle → Electron transport chain, or ETC \_\_\_\_\_ cellular respiration

Answer 30

Aerobic cellular respiration

Question 31

In **the central metabolic pathways**, this pathway is for **cells that use sugar** for energy **without using oxygen** at the same time. This results in **products of organic acids, gases or alcohol**.

Answer 31

Fermentation

Question 32

A region on an **enzyme** that binds to a **protein or other substance** during a reaction. \_\_\_\_\_ site

Answer 32

active site

Question 33

a **substance**, **other** than the **substrate** whose presence is **essential for the activity of an enzyme**.

Answer 33

cofactor

Question 34

a **nonprotein compound** that is necessary for the **functioning** of an **enzyme**.

Answer 34

Coenzymes

Question 35

**relating to or denoting** the **alteration** of the **activity of a protein** through the binding of an **effector** molecule at a **specific site**.

Answer 35

allosteric

Question 36

A type of **phenomenon** where the **output of a process** is used as an **input to control** the behavior of the process itself, **oftentimes limiting** the production of more product.

Answer 36

feedback inhibition

Question 37

A **form of enzyme** **inhibition** where **binding** of an inhibitor prevents **binding** of the target molecule of the enzyme, **also** **known as the substrate**. \_\_\_\_\_ inhibition

Answer 37

competitive inhibition

Question 38

A **type of enzyme inhibition** where the **inhibitor reduces** the **activity** of the enzyme and **binds equally** well to the **enzyme** whether or **not it has already bound the substrate**. \_\_\_\_\_ inhibition

Answer 38

Non-competitive inhibition

Question 39

The **first five steps** in the **glycolysis** produce glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, also called **energy investment**.

Answer 39

preparatory phase

Question 40

the **last five steps** of **glycolysis**, which produce the final two **pyruvate** molecules product.

Answer 40

Pay-off phase

Question 41

**Yield of Glycolysis**, for every glucose molecule degraded, the steps of glycolysis produce? 1. \_\_\_\_\_\_ 2. _____ power 3. _____ metabolites.

Answer 41

ATP, Reducing Power and Precursor metabolites

Question 42

Yield of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway. 1. _____ power 2. 3.

Answer 42

Reducing power, Precursor metabolites

Question 43

A **step** where **CO is removed**, a redox reaction generates 2 NADH, and coenzyme A is added. \_\_\_\_\_ step

Answer 43

Transition step

Question 44

Yield of the TCA Cycle, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle completes the oxidation of glucose 1. 2. _____ power 3. _____ metabolites.

Answer 44

ATP, Reducing Power, Precursor metabolites

Question 45

The **theory suggests** essentially that most adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis in respiring cells comes from the electrochemical gradient across the inner membranes of mitochondria by using the energy of NADH and FADH2 formed from the breaking down of energy-rich molecules such as glucose. \_\_\_\_\_ theory.

Answer 45

chemiosmotic theory

Question 46

**electrons move** from an **electron donor** (NADH or QH2) to a **terminal electron** acceptor (O2) via a series of **redox reactions**. These reactions are coupled to the creation of a proton gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane The Electron Transport Chain of \_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 46

The Electron Transport Chain of Mitochondria

Question 47

In the **Electron Transport Chain of Mitochondria**, this **complex** accepts electrons from NADH, ultimately transferring them to ubiquinone (also called coenzyme Q); in the process, four protons are moved across the membrane. Complex # \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 47

Complex I

Question 48

In the **Electron Transport Chain of Mitochondria**, this **complex**, this accepts electrons from the TCA cycle, when FADH2 is formed during the oxidation of succinate Complex # \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 48

Complex II

Question 49

In the **Electron Transport Chain of Mitochondria**, this **complex**, this accepts electrons from ubiquinone, which has carried them from either complex I or II. Complex III pumps four protons across the membrane before transferring the electrons to cytochrome c. Complex # \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 49

Complex III

Question 50

In the **Electron Transport Chain of Mitochondria**, this **complex**, this accepts electrons from cytochrome c and pumps two protons across the membrane. Complex IV is a terminal oxidoreductase, meaning it transfers the electrons to the terminal electron acceptor, which, in this case, is O2. Complex​ # \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 50

Complex IV

Question 51

In **this type of organism** the electron transport chain (ETC) is situated in the mitochondrial membrane. This orginsim does not have organelles such as mitochondria, but they do have an ETC. The Electron Transport Chains of \_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 51

The Electron Transport Chains of Prokaryotes

Question 52

is **the process of producing** cellular energy involving **oxygen**. Cells break down food in the mitochondria in a long, multistep process that produces roughly 36 ATP. \_\_\_\_\_ Respiration

Answer 52

Aerobic Respiration

Question 53

a **type of respiration** that does **not use oxygen**. It is used when there is not enough oxygen for aerobic respiration. It can be summarized by the following equation: glucose → lactic acid (+ energy released) \_\_\_\_\_ Respiration

Answer 53

Anaerobic Respiration

Question 54

The **end products of fermentation**, this product is produced when pyruvate itself serves as the terminal electron acceptor. \_\_\_\_\_ acid

Answer 54

Lactic acid

Question 55

The **end products of fermentation**, this product is produced in a pathway that **first removes CO2** from **pyruvate**, generating acetaldehyde, which then serves as the terminal electron acceptor.

Answer 55

Ethanol

Question 56

The **end products of fermentation**, this product and a variety of other end products are produced in a complex multistep pathway used by Clostridium species, which are obligate anaerobes. Under certain conditions, some organisms use a variation of this pathway to produce the organic solvents. \_\_\_\_\_ acid

Answer 56

Butyric acid

Question 57

The **end products of fermentation**, **this product is generated** in a multistep pathway that **first adds CO2 to pyruvate**, generating a compound that then serves as a terminal electron acceptor. After NADH reduces this, it is further modified to form propionate. \_\_\_\_\_ acid.

Answer 57

Propionic acid

Question 58

The **end products of fermentation**, this product is produced in a **multistep branching pathway**, generating a variety of different fermentation products including lactic acid, succinic acid, ethanol, acetic acid, and gases. Differentiate certain members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. The methyl-red test detects the low pH resulting from the acidic end products. \_\_\_\_\_ acids.

Answer 58

Mixed acids.

Question 59

The **end products of fermentation**, this product is produced in a multistep pathway that uses two molecules of pyruvate to generate acetoin and two molecules of CO2. Acetoin is then used as the terminal electron acceptor. This is another pathway used to differentiate members of the family Enterobacteria-ceae; the Voges-Proskauer test detects acetoin. 2,3-\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 59

2,3-Butanediol.

Question 60

**Prokaryotes as a group** are unique in their ability to use **reduced inorganic** chemicals such as **hydrogen sulfide** (H2S) and **ammonia (NH3)** as sources of energy.

Answer 60

Chemolithotrophs

Question 61

**Chemolithotrophs fall into four general groups**, these bacteria **oxidize hydrogen gas**. \_\_\_\_\_ Bacteria

Answer 61

Hydrogen Bacteria

Question 62

**Chemolithotrophs fall into four general groups**, these bacteria oxidize hydrogen sulfide. \_\_\_\_\_ bacteria

Answer 62

Sulfur bacteria

Question 63

**Chemolithotrophs fall into four general groups**, these bacteria **oxidize reduced forms of iron** \_\_\_\_\_ bacteria

Answer 63

Iron bacteria

Question 64

**Chemolithotrophs fall into four general groups**, these bacteria include two groups of bacteria: one **oxidizes ammonia**, and the other **oxidizes nitrite**. 
 \_\_\_\_\_ bacteria

Answer 64

Nitrifying bacteria

Question 65

The **harvest** the **radiant energy of sunlight**, used to **synthesis of organic compounds** from CO2.

Answer 65

photosynthesis

Question 66

**Photosynthetic processes** that capture radiant energy and convert it to chemical energy in the form of ATP. \_\_\_\_\_ reactions

Answer 66

light reactions

Question 67

**Photosynthetic processes**, pigments are located in protein complexes within photosynthetic membranes. They are in capturing and using the energy of light.

Answer 67

photosystems

Question 68

**Photosynthetic processes**, where this structure is found in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria.

Answer 68

Chlorophylls

Question 69

**Photosynthetic processes**, structures that are found in **anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria**. These pigments absorb wavelengths not absorbed by chlorophylls...

Answer 69

Bacteriochlorophylls

Question 70

**Photosynthetic processes**, structures that **increase the efficiency** of **light capture** by absorbing wavelengths not absorbed by the other pigments. \_\_\_\_\_ pigments

Answer 70

Accessory pigments

Question 71

**Photosynthetic processes**, structures that are electron donors in the photosynthetic process. \_\_\_\_\_-\_\_\_\_\_ pigments

Answer 71

Reaction-center pigments

Question 72

**Photosynthetic processes**, structures that make up a complex that acts as a funnel, capturing the energy of light and then transferring it to a reaction-center pigment. \_\_\_\_\_ pigments

Answer 72

Antennae pigments

Question 73

**Cyanobacteria and Photosynthetic Eukaryotic** Cells, this transport chain produces a proton-motive force, pumping H+ ions across the membrane; this produces a concentration gradient that can be used to power ATP synthase during chemiosmosis. cyclic \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 73

cyclic photophosphorylation

Question 74

**Cyanobacteria and Photosynthetic Eukaryotic Cells**, the two-stage process involving two different chlorophyll photosystems. Being a light reaction, non-cyclic photophosphorylation occurs in the frets or stroma lamellae. non-cyclic \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 74

non-cyclic photophosphorylation

Question 75

is the conversion process of inorganic carbon (carbon dioxide) to organic compounds by living organisms. \_\_\_\_\_\_ fixation

Answer 75

Carbon fixation

Question 76

is the set of chemical reactions that take place in chloroplasts during photosynthesis. \_\_\_\_\_ cycle

Answer 76

Calvin cycle

Question 77

**In one of the stages of the Calvin cycle**; Carbon dioxide is added to ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate to start a new round of the cycle. Stage #\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 77

Stage 1

Question 78

**In one of the stages of the Calvin cycle**; ATP and NADPH are used to reduce the product of stage 1, producing glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, which can be used in biosynthesis. Stage #\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 78

Stage 2

Question 79

**In one of the stages of the Calvin cycle**; Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate is regenerated so that the cycle can continue. Stage #\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 79

Stage 3