Ch 2: Chemistry

Question 1

What is anything that has mass and occupies space?

Answer 1

Matter

Question 2

What is the capacity to do work?

Answer 2

Energy

Question 3

Describe the major energy forms

Answer 3

1. Chemical
2. Electrical
3. Mechanical
4. Radiant or electromagnetic

Question 4

What are elements?

Answer 4

Cannot be broken into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods

Question 5

What are the four main elements?

Answer 5

C, H, O, N

Question 6

What is the composition of subatomic particles?

Answer 6

Atom

Question 7

What are the 3 subatomic particles and how much do they weigh?

Answer 7

1. Protons: 1amu
2. Neutrons: 1amu
3. Electrons: 1/2000amu

Question 8

What 2 subatomic particles are equal in number?

Answer 8

Protons and neutrons

Question 9

What is an atomic number?

Answer 9

Number of protons in nucleus

Question 10

What is the mass number?

Answer 10

Protons+neutrons in nucleus

Question 11

What are isotopes?

Answer 11

Atomic numbers are same, however, mass number would changed because of differences in neutron number which causes structural variations in atoms

Question 12

What is the atomic weight?

Answer 12

Average mass weight of all isotopes of an atom

Question 13

What are radioisotopes?

Answer 13

They are considered unstable and decompose to more stable forms

Question 14

What is another term for spontaneous decay?

Answer 14

Radioactivity

Question 15

What are molecules?

Answer 15

Two or more atoms bond together

Question 16

What are compounds?

Answer 16

Two or more atoms bond together

Question 17

What are the types of mixtures?

Answer 17

1. Solutions
2. Colloids
3. Suspensions

Question 18

What is it when solute particles are very tiny, don’t settle or scatter light?

Answer 18

Solution

Question 19

What is it when solute particles are larger than a solution and scatter light; don’t settle?

Answer 19

Colloids

Question 20

What is it when solute particles are very large, settle out, and may scatter light?

Answer 20

Suspensions

Question 21

Which mixtures are homogenous? Heterogenous?

Answer 21

Solution; Colloids and suspensions

Question 22

What is the octet rule?

Answer 22

Contains 8 electrons in valence shell are happy

Question 23

What are inert elements?

Answer 23

Unreactive because they have full valence shells (noble gases)

Question 24

What are ionic bonds?

Answer 24

Atoms gains or loses electrons and becomes charged

Question 25

What is a positive ion?

Answer 25

Cation

Question 26

What is a negative ion?

Answer 26

Anion

Question 27

What do ionic bonds form?

Answer 27

Salts

Question 28

What are covalent bonds?

Answer 28

The sharing of two or more valence shell electrons

Question 29

What are hydrogen bonds?

Answer 29

Attractive force between electropositive hydrogen and an electronegative atom

Question 30

What does it mean to be nonpolar?

Answer 30

Electrons are equally shared

Question 31

What does it mean to be polar?

Answer 31

Electrons are unequally shared where atoms are electronegative or positive

Question 32

A+B → AB

Answer 32

Synthesis

Question 33

AB → A + B

Answer 33

Decomposition

Question 34

AB+C → AC+B

Answer 34

Exchange

Question 35

What is an Oxidation-reduction reaction?

Answer 35

- Electron donors lose electrons and are oxidized | - Electron acceptors receive electrons and are reduced

Question 36

Explain the difference between exergonic and endergonic

Answer 36

Exergonic is the net release of energy, while endergonic is the net absorption of energy

Question 37

Which reaction is reversible?

Answer 37

Chemical

Question 38

Which reaction is irreversible?

Answer 38

Biological

Question 39

How do chemical reaction's rates increase?

Answer 39

1. Increase in temperature 2. Increase in concentration of reactant 3. Decrease in particle size 4. Catalysts increase rate without chemically changing the product

Question 40

What are the properties of water?

Answer 40

1. High heat capacity 2. High heat vaporization 3. Polar solvent properties 4. Reactivity 5. Cushioning

Question 41

Describe the properties of salt

Answer 41

1. Ionic compounds that dissociate into ions in water 2. Conduct electrical currents 3. Ionic balances for homeostasis

Question 42

What are considered proton donors?

Answer 42

Acids

Question 43

What are considered proton acceptors?

Answer 43

Bases

Question 44

What is the relative free (H+) of a solution measured on a scale?

Answer 44

pH

Question 45

What does it mean to be organic?

Answer 45

Contains carbon

Question 46

What are 4 main organic building blocks?

Answer 46

1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids

Question 47

What is the purpose for carbohydrates?

Answer 47

Major source of cellular fuel and is a structural molecule

Question 48

Examples of monosaccharides

Answer 48

Simple sugar of pentose (ribose and deoxyribose) and hexose (glucose, fructose, and galactose) sugars

Question 49

Examples of disaccharides

Answer 49

Sucrose, maltose, lactose

Question 50

Examples of polysaccharides

Answer 50

Starch and glycogen

Question 51

What are 4 main types of lipids?

Answer 51

1. Triglycerides 2. Phospholipids 3. Steroid 4. Eicosanoids

Question 52

Describe the structure of triglyceride

Answer 52

Bonded by 3 fatty acids and glycerol molecule

Question 53

What is the purpose for triglycerides?

Answer 53

Functions for energy storage, insulation, protection

Question 54

Describe the structure of phospholipids

Answer 54

Glycerol + 2 fatty acids and P

Question 55

What is the function for phospholipids?

Answer 55

Important in cell membrane structure

Question 56

Describe the structure of steroids

Answer 56

Four interlocking rings made in the adrenal cortex and activated in the kidneys

Question 57

Describe the structure of eicosanoids

Answer 57

Derived from a fatty acid (arachidonic acid) in cell

Question 58

What are the fat-soluble vitamins?

Answer 58

A, D, E, K

Question 59

What is the purpose for lipoproteins?

Answer 59

Transporting fats in blood

Question 60

What are fibrous proteins?

Answer 60

Water-insoluable and stable Provide mechanical support and tensile strength

Question 61

Examples of fibrous proteins

Answer 61

Keratin, Elastin, and Collagen

Question 62

What are globular proteins?

Answer 62

Compact, water-soluable and sensitive to environmental changes

Question 63

Example of globular proteins

Answer 63

Antibodies, hormones, molecular chaperones, enzymes

Question 64

What causes denaturization?

Answer 64

Decrease in pH or increased temperature

Question 65

What is the structure of a nucleotide?

Answer 65

Nitrogen base, pentose sugar, and phosphate group

Question 66

Describe the primary structure of protein

Answer 66

Amino acids bound by peptide bonds to form a polypeptide chain

Question 67

Describe the secondary structure of protein

Answer 67

Formation of alpha helices and beta sheet stabilized by H bonds

Question 68

Describe the tertiary structure of protein

Answer 68

Formation of compact globular molecule held together by intramolecular bonds

Question 69

Describe the quaternary structure of protein

Answer 69

Multiple tertiary structure combining to form a functional protein

Question 70

What are functions for chaperones?

Answer 70

- Prevents incorrect folding - Assist translocation of proteins and ions across membranes - Promote breakdown of damaged or denatured proteins - Triggers immune response

Question 71

What are stress proteins?

Answer 71

Molecular chaperones produced in response to stressful stimuli

Question 72

Describe enzyme action.

Answer 72

Biological catalysts that lower the activation energy, increasing the speed of a reaction

Question 73

What are considered purines?

Answer 73

Adenine and Guanine

Question 74

What are considered pyrimidines?

Answer 74

Cytosine and Thymine

Question 75

What is the function of DNA?

Answer 75

Provides instructions for protein synthesis and replicates before cell division ensuring genetic continuity

Question 76

Describe the process of phosphorylation

Answer 76

- Terminal phosphates are transferred to and energize other molecules - Perform cellular work using phosphate bond energy