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Physiology > Ch 5: Skin > Flashcards

Ch 5: Skin Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the epidermis?

A
  • Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

- Superficial region

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2
Q

What are the 5 layers of the epidermis?

A
  1. Stratum basale
  2. Stratum spinosum
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. Stratum lucidum
  5. Stratum corneum
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3
Q

Describe the stratum basale layer

A

Deepest layer containing occasional melanocytes and dendritic cells

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4
Q

Describe the stratum spinosum layer

A

Keratinocytes unified by desmosomes. Abundant melanosomes and dendritic cells.

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5
Q

Describe the stratum granulosum

A

Where keratinization begins and full of lamellar granules

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6
Q

Describe the the stratum lucidum layer

A

Only present in thick skin, rows of dead keratinocytes

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7
Q

Describe the stratum corneum

A

Most superficial and flat membranous sacs filled with keratin

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8
Q

Describe the dermis layer

A

Strong, flexible connective fibers that containt nerve, blood, and lymph

Place where follicles, oils, and sweat glands reside

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9
Q

What are the 2 layers of the dermis called?

A
  1. Papillary

2. Reticular

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10
Q

What is the purpose for dermal papillae?

A

Superficial peglike projections that contain free nerve ending providing grip and sense of touch

Pattern is the fingerprint

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11
Q

What is the layer of the dermis that consists of areolar connective tissue with collagen, elastic fibers, and blood vessels?

A

Papillary layer

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12
Q

What are the touch receptors of the dermal paella called?

A

Meissner’s corpuscles

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13
Q

What is the layer of dense fibrous connective tissue consisting 80% of the dermal thickness?

A

Reticular layer

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14
Q

What is the skin marking that is formed by collagen fibers that run parallel to skin surface?

A

Cleavage markings

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15
Q

What is the skin markings where dermal folds at or near joints?

A

Flexture lines

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16
Q

What are silvery white scars labeled as stretch marks known as?

A

Striae

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17
Q

What are fluid-filled pockets that separates epidermal and demal layers called?

A

Blisters

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18
Q

List the the cells that contribute to the skin?

A
  1. Keratinocytes
  2. Melanocytes
  3. Dendritic (Langerhans cells)
  4. Tactile (Merkel) cells
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19
Q

What are keratinocytes comprised of?

A

Keratin

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20
Q

How are keratinocytes connected?

A

Desmosomes

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21
Q

What are melanocytes comprised of?

A

Melanin packaged into melanosomes

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22
Q

What is the purpose of melanocytes?

A

Protection against UV damage

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23
Q

Describe the purpose of apoptosis

A
  1. Controlled cellular suicide
  2. Nucleus and organelles break down
  3. Plasma membrane thickens
  4. Cells slough off as dandruff and dander
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24
Q

What are the 3 pigments that contribute to skin color?

A
  1. Melanin
  2. Carotene
    3 Hemoglobin
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25
What kind of pigment is melanin and what does it achieve?
Reddish-yellow to browinsh-black pigment that produces melanocytes providing UV protection
26
What kind of pigment is carotene and what does it achieve?
Yellow orange pigment that convert to vitamin A for vision and epidermal health
27
What color pigment is hemoglobin?
Pinkish hue
28
What is the function of dendritic cells
Macrophages: key activators of immune response
29
What is the function of tactile cells?
Sensory touch receptors
30
What happens in cyanosis?
Blue skin color from low oxygenation of hemoglobin
31
What happens in erythema?
Redness from fever, hypertension, inflammation, allergies
32
What happens in pallor?
Blanching from low blood pressure, anemia, fear, anger
33
What happens in jaundice?
Yellow from liver disorder
34
What happens in bronzing?
Inadequate steroid hormones from Addison’s disease
35
What happens in bruising?
Clotted blood beneath the skin
36
What is hair comprised of?
Dead keratinized cells
37
What are functions for hair?
1. Warn of trauma | 2. Heat loss
38
Explain the pigmentations of hair?
1. Melanin in yellow, rust, brown, black 2. Trichosiderin in red 3. Gray/white in decreased melanin production
39
What are the 3 components of hair follicles?
- Hair bulb - Arrector pili - Hair papilla
40
What is a hair bulb?
Contains the sensory nerve ending and hair matrix
41
What is the function of arrector pili?
Smooth muscle attached to follicle responsible for goosebumps
42
What is hair papilla?
The dermal tissue that porvides hair hair follicles with blood
43
What are the two types of hair?
- Vellus hair | - Terminal hair
44
What is the difference between vellus and terminal hair?
Vellus: Pale, fine body haoir of children and females (peach fuzz) Terminal: Coarse, long hair of eyeborows, face, head, axillary, and pubic regions
45
What factors would effect hair growth?
1. Nutrition | 2. Hormones
46
What is the difference between alopecia and true baldness?
- Alopecia: hair thinning from old age | - True (frank) baldness: sex and geneticlly determined
47
How does male pattern baldness happen?
Caused by the follicular response to DHT
48
What are the structural properties of nails?
1. Scale-like modifications of the epidermis 2. Protective cover for distal, dorsal surface of fingers and toes 3. Hard keratin 4. Nail matrix supports nail growth
49
What is another name for sweat glands
Sudoriferous glands
50
What are the 2 main types of sweat glands?
1. Eccrine | 2. Apocrine
51
Describe the eccrine sweat glands' structure and function
1. Palms, soles, and forehead 2. Ducts are connected to pores 3. Function in thermoregulation
52
Describe the apocrine sweat glands' structure and function
1. Prominent in the axillary and anogenital areas 2. Sweat is from fatty substances and proteins 3. Ducts empty into hari follicles
53
What are ceruminaous glands?
Modified apocrine glands that secrete cerumen in the external ear canal
54
What are mammary glands?
Modified apocrine glands that secret milk
55
What is the function of sebaceous glands?
Develop from and secrete sebum in hair follicles
56
What is sebum for?
1. Bactericidal | 2. Softens hair and skin
57
What are the functions of the integumentary system?
1. Protection 2. Body temperature regulation 3. Cutaneous sensation 4. Metabolic functions 5. Blood reservoir 6. Excretion
58
How does the skin provide chemical protection?
1. Low pH retards bacterial multiplication 2. Sebum and defensins kill bacteria 3. Melanin provides defense against UV radiation damage
59
How does the skin provide physical protection?
Keratin and glycolipids block most mater and water soluable substances
60
What are examples of substances with limited penetration of skin?
- Lipid-soluble substances. - Plant oleoresins (e.g., Poison ivy). - Organic solvents. - Salts of heavy metals. - Some drugs.
61
How does the skin provide biological protection?
1. Dendritic cells of epidermis and macrophages in dermis present foreign antigens to WBC 2. DNA absorbs UV radiation and converts into heat
62
How is body temperature regulated under different conditions?
1. Normal: 500mL/day of insensible perspiration 2. Elevated: Dilation of dermal vessels and increased sensible precipitation 3. Cold: Dermal vessels the constrict and skin temperature drops to slow passive heat loss
63
Why is cutaneous sensation important?
Receptors detect temperature, touch, and pain
64
What are the 2 exteroceptors?
Tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscles | Lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles
65
What is the difference between Tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscles and Lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles?
Tactile detects sensations of touch | Lamellar detects sensations of deep pressure
66
What are the different metabolic functions the skin provides?
Synthesis of vitamin D precursor and collagenase converting carcinogens and activating hormones
67
What are the risk factors than may cause skin cancer?
1. Overexposure to UV radiation | 2. Frequent irritation of skin
68
What are the three major types of skin cancers?
- Basal cell carcinoma - Squamous cell carcinoma - Melanoma
69
Describe the conditions of basal cell carcinoma
1. Least malignant and most common | 2. Stratum basalle proliferates and invades the dermis and hypodermis
70
Describe the conditions of squamous cell carcinoma
1. Involves keratinocytes of stratum spinosum 2. Scaly reddened papule on face and head 3. Does not metastasize 4. Treated by radiation or surgery
71
Describe the conditions of melanoma
1. Cancer of melanocytes 2. Most dangerous 3. Highly metastatic and resistant to chemotherapy 4. Treated by surgery and immunotherapy
72
Explain the ABCD rule
1. Asymmetry: two sides of the pigmented area does not match 2. Border irregularity: exibits indentations 3. Color: contains black, brown, tan, red, or blue 4. Diameter: larger than 6mm
73
Explain why serious burns are life threatening.
Susceptible to immediate risks of dehydration and electrolyte imbalances
74
Used to estimate the volume of fluid loss from a burn?
Rule of nines
75
What are the totals for the rule of nines?
1. Anterior and posterior head and neck: 9% 2. Anterior and posterior upper limbs: 18% 3. Anterior and posterior trunk: 36% 4. Perineum: 1% 5. Anterior and posterior lower limbs: 36%
76
What defines a burn as 1st degree?
- Epidermal damage only | - Localized redness, edema, and pain
77
What defines a burn as 2nd degree?
- Epidermal and upper derminal damage | - Blistering
78
What defines a burn as 3rd degree?
- Entire thickness of skin is damages - Skin is gray-white, cherry-red, or blackened - Not painful or swollen - Skin grafting is neccessary
79
What are to measurements of deemed a burn as critical?
1. More than 25% of body has 2nd degree burns 2. More than 10% of body has 3rd degree burns 3. Face, hands, or feet bear 3rd degree burns
80
What are some treatments for burns?
1. Debridement 2. Antibiotics 3. Temporary covering 4. Skin grafts
81
What is debridement?
The removal of burned skin
82
What are the developmental aspects of infancy to adulthood?
1. Lanugo coat 2. Skin thickens 3. Sweat and oil grands increase activity 3. Scaling and dermatitis
83
What are the characteristics of aging skin?
1. Epidermal replacement slows 2. Subcutaneous fat and elasticity decreases 3. Increased risk of cancer 4. Hair thinning
84
What are some methods of delaying the aging of skin?
1. UV protection 2. Good nutrition 3. Ingesting lots of fluids 4. Good hygiene

Physiology (22 decks)

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