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Physiology > Ch 8: Joints > Flashcards

Ch 8: Joints Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

Define joints

A

Site where 2 or more bones meet

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2
Q

What are the basic functions of the joint?

A
  1. Give skeleton mobility

2. Hold skeleton together

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3
Q

What are the 3 functional classification of joints?

A
  1. Synarthroses
  2. Amphiarthroses
  3. Diarthroses
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4
Q

What is an immovable joint called?

A

Synarthroses

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5
Q

What are slightly movable joints called?

A

Amphiarthroses

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6
Q

What are freely movable joints called?

A

Diarthroses

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7
Q

What are the 3 structural classification of joints?

A
  1. Fibrous
  2. Cartilaginous
  3. Synovial
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8
Q

Describe the structural characteristics of synovial joints.

A
  1. Bones separated by fluid-filled joint cavity
  2. Diarthrotic
  3. Include all limb joints; most joints of body
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9
Q

What are the six distinguishing features of synovial joints?

A
  1. Articular cartilage
  2. Synovial cavity
  3. Articular (joint) capsule
  4. Synovial fluid
  5. Reinforcing ligaments
  6. Nerves and blood vessels
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10
Q

What is the purpose for articular cartilage?

A

Prevents crushing of bone ends

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11
Q

What is a synovial cavity?

A

Small, fluid-filled space between joints

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12
Q

What are the 2 layers of the articular capsule?

A
  1. External fibrous layer

2. Inner synovial membrane

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13
Q

What is the external fibrous layer consisted of?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

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14
Q

What is the structure and function of the inner synovial membrane?

A

Loose connective tissue that makes synovial fluid

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15
Q

What are the 3 factors of synovial structure and function?

A
  1. Viscous, slippery filtrate of plasma and hyaluronic acid
  2. Lubricates and nourishes articular cartilage
  3. Contains phagocytic cells to remove microbes and debris
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16
Q

What are the 3 types of reinforcing ligaments?

A
  1. Capsular
  2. Extracapsular
  3. Intracapsular
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17
Q

Where is the capsular reinforcing ligaments found?

A

The thickened part of the fibrous layer

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18
Q

Where is the extracapsular reinforcing ligaments found?

A

Outside the capsule

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19
Q

Where is the intracapsular reinforcing ligaments found?

A

Deep to capsule covered by synovial membrane

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20
Q

What is the purpose of nerves and vessels in ligaments?

A

Detects pain

Capillary beds supply filtrate for synovial fluid

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21
Q

What are fatty pads for?

A

Cushioning between fibrous layer and synovial membrane or bone

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22
Q

What are articular discs (menisci)?

A

Fibrocartilage that separates the articular surfaces to improve “fit” of bone ends, stabilizes joints, and reduce wear and tear

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23
Q

What is bursae?

A

Sacs lined with synovial membrane that reduces friction where 2 surfaces would rub together

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24
Q

What is a tendon sheath

A

Elongated burda wrapped completely around tendons subjected to friction

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25
What are the two points of attachment of muscles?
Origin attaches to immovable bone Insertion attaches to movable bone
26
What occurs when the muscle constracts in relation to insertion and origin?
Insertion would move toward origin
27
List three natural factors that stabilize synovial joints.
1. Shapes or articular surfaces 2. Ligament number and location 3. Muscle tendons that cross joint
28
What is gliding movement?
One flat bone surface gliding or sliding over another
29
What are examples of gliding?
1. Intercarpal joints 2. Intertarsal joints 3. Between articular processes of vertebrae
30
What are angular movements?
Increase or decrease angle between 2 bones
31
What is flexion?
Decreases the angle of joints
32
What is extension?
Increases the angle of the joint
33
What is hyperextension?
Movement beyond the anatomical position
34
What is abduction?
Movement away from the midline
35
What is adduction?
Movement toward the midline
36
What is circumduction?
Involes flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction of limb
37
What is rotating movement?
Turning of bone around its own long axis
38
What are some examples of rotation?
1. C1 and C2 | 2. Rotation of humerus and femur
39
What part of the body moves due to supination and pronation?
Radius and ulna
40
What part of the body moves due to dorsiflexion and plantar flexion?
Foot
41
What part of the body moves due to protraction and retraction?
Wrist
42
What part of the body moves due to inversion and eversion?
Foot
43
What part of the body moves due to elevation and depression?
Mandible
44
What part of the body moves due to opposition?
Thumb
45
Describe the structure of the knee joint?
1. 12 associated bursae 2. Capsule is reinforced by muscle tendons 3. Capsular and extracapular ligaments 4. Intracapsular ligaments 5. Anterior cruciate ligaments 6. Posterior cruciate
46
What occurs when the knee joint is injuried?
1. Absorption of great vertical force | 2. Vulnerable to horizonatal blows
47
What parts of the knee are susceptible to injury?
1. Collateral ligaments 2. Cruciate ligaments 3. Cartilages
48
Describe the structure of the shoulder
1. Ball and socket joint | 2. Most freely moving joint in body
49
Describe the structure of the elbow
Hinge joint Articulation of radius and ulna
50
Describe the structure of the shoulder
Ball and socket joint Limited by deep socket
51
Indentify the 2 types of hip replacements
1. Total hip replacement (arthroplasty) | 2. Partial (hemiarthroplasty)
52
What is the difference between total and partial hip replacement?
Total: Replaces both the acetabulum and femoral head Partial: Replaces femoral head only
53
What are the 2 types of movement of the temporomandibular joint?
1. Hinge | 2. Gliding
54
How is cartilage tears fixed?
Repaired with arthoscopic surgery
55
How does cartilage tears happen?
Partial menisci removal renders join less stable
56
What is a sprain?
- Reinforcing ligaments stetched or torn | - Partial tears slowly heal due to poor vascularization
57
What are 3 methods with ligament if it's torn completely?
1. Ends sewn together 2. Reglaced with grafts 3. Time and immobilization
58
What occurs during dislocations?
Bones are forced out of alignment
59
What is subluxation?
Partial dislocation of a joint
60
What is bursitis?
The inflammation of bursa caused by blow or friction, typically treated by rest, ice, and anti-inflammatory
61
What is tendonitis?
Inflammation of tendon sheaths
62
What are the typical symptoms of arthritis?
1. Pain 2. Stiffness 3. Swelling of joints
63
What is the acute form of arthritis caused by?
Bacteria
64
What are the chronic forms of arthritis?
1. Osteoarthritis 2. Rheumatoid arthritis 3. Gouty arthritis
65
What occurs during osteoarthritis?
More cartilage is destroyed than replaced in badly aligned or overworked joints
66
What are the treatments for osteoarthritis?
Moderate activity, mild pain relievers, capsaicin creams
67
What occurs during rheumatoid arthritis?
1. Inflammed blood cells release inflammatory chemicals that destroy tissues 2. Synovial fluid accumulates 3. Pannus that clings to articular cartilage 4. Pannus erodes cartilage, scar tissue forms and connects articulating bone ends
68
What are the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis?
1. Joint pain and swelling 2. Anemia 3. Osteoporosis 4. Muscle weakness 5. Cardiovascular problems
69
What are some treatments of rheumatoid arthritis?
1. Steroidal and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 2. Immune suppressants that target tumor necrosis factor 3. Joint replacement
70
What is gout?
Deposition of uric acid crystals in joints and soft tissues followed by inflammation
71
What are the treatments for gout?
1. Drugs 2. Plenty of water 3. Avoidance of alcohol
72
What causes Lyme disease?
Caused by bacteria transmitted by tick bites
73
What are Lyme disease symptoms?
1. Skin rash 2. Flu-like symptoms 3. Foggy thinking
74
What treat Lyme?
Antibiotics
75
What are the factors that promote or disturb joint homeostasis?
1. Embryo: synovial joints resemble adult joints | 2. Advancing years: ligament and tendons weaken, discs herniate, osteoporosis

Physiology (22 decks)

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