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Physiology > Ch 6: Bones and Skeletal Tissue > Flashcards

Ch 6: Bones and Skeletal Tissue Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three cartilage types?

A
  1. Hyaline
  2. Elastic
  3. Fibrocartilage
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2
Q

What are the functions of hyaline cartilage?

A

Collagen fibers that provides support, flexibility, and resilience

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3
Q

What are the functions of elastic cartilage?

A

Elastin that maintains the shape of structure while allowing flexibilty

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4
Q

What are the functions of fibrocartilage?

A

Thick collagen fibers that allow tensile strength for absorbing compressive shock

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4
Q

What are the functions of fibrocartilage?

A

Thick collagen fibers that allow tensile strength for absorbing compressive shock

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5
Q

List and describe seven important functions of bones.

A
  1. Support: for soft organs and body
  2. Protection: for brain, spinal cord, and organs
  3. Movement: levers for muscle action
  4. Mineral and growth factor storage: Calcium, phosphorus, growth factors
  5. Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis): red marrow
  6. Triglyceride (fat) storage: in bone cavities
  7. Hormone production: osteocalcin
  8. Bone can buffer acids
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6
Q

What are the 2 types of bone texures?

A
  1. Compact

2. Spongy

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7
Q

Describe the structure of irregular and flat bones

A
  1. Thin plates fo spongy bone (diploë) covered by compact bone
  2. No shaft or epiphyses
  3. No marrow cavity
  4. Hyaline cartilage covers articular surfaces
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8
Q

Decribe the structue of long bones

A

Contains tubular diaphysis and epiphyses separated by an epiphyseal line

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9
Q

Where is red marrow found?

A

In trabelular cavities of spongy bone and diploë of flat bones

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10
Q

What are the 5 major cells of bone tissue?

A
  • Osteogenic cells
  • Osteoblasts
  • Osteocytes
  • Bone lining cells
  • Osteoclasts
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11
Q

What is another name for osteogenic cells?

A

Osteoprogenitor cells

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12
Q

What are osteogenic cells?

A
  • Mitotically active stem cells in peristeum and endosteum

- Can become osteoblasts or bone lining cells

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13
Q

What are osteoblast?

A

Bone forming cells that are actively mitotic and secrete unmineralized bone matrix

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14
Q

What is another name for bone matrix?

A

Osteoid

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15
Q

What are osteocytes?

A
  • Mature bone cells in lacunae that maintain the bone matrix

- Senses stress or strain to regulate bone remodeling

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16
Q

What are bone-lining cells?

A

Flat surface cells that assist the maintenance of the matrix

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17
Q

What’s the difference between periosteal and endosteal cells?

A

Periosteal: external bone surface

Endosteal cells: internal bone surface

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18
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A
  • Derived from hematopoietic stem cells that became macrophages
  • Assists with bone resorption
  • Rests in resoption bay and has ruffled borders
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19
Q

What are the organic components of bones?

A

Cells, osteoid, and collagen

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20
Q

What are organic components of bones for?

A

Provide structure, tensile strength, and flexibility

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21
Q

Describe what a sacrificial bond is

A

Bonds in or between collagen that provide resiliency to the bone by stretching and breaking easily to dissipate energy and prevent fractures

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22
Q

Are sacrificial bond permanent?

A

Bonds re-form

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23
Q

What is an example of inorganic compounds in bone?

A

Hydroxyapatites (mineral salts)

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24
What are hydroxyapatites' function?
Tiny calcium phosphate crystals in and around collagen fibers that is responsible for hardness and resistance to compression
25
What are the 2 types of postnatal bone growth?
- Interstitial (longitudinal) growth | - Appositional growth
26
What is the difference between interstitial and appositional growth?
Inter: increase in long bone length and occurs at the growth plate App: increase in bone thickness and width
27
Describe the process of epiphyseal plate closure
1. Bone lengthening ceases 2. Epiphysis and diaphysis fuse 3. Female: 18, Male: 21
28
How does the bone widen by appositional growth?
1. Osteoblasts beneath periosteum secrete bone matrix on external bone 2. Osteoclasts remove bone on endosteal surface
29
What are the hormones that promote bone growth?
- Growth hormone - Thyroid hormone - Testosterone and estrogens
30
How does growth hormone promote bone growth?
Stimulates epiphyseal plate activity
31
How does thyroid hormone promote bone growth?
Modulates activity of growth hormone
32
How does testosterone and estrogen promote bone growth?
- Promote adolescent growth spurts | - Ends growth by inducing epiphyseal plate
33
What are some elements of bone homeostatsis?
1. Recycling 5-7% of bone mass each week 2. Older bone becomes more brittle 3. Bone remodeling and bone repair
34
How often in spongy bone replace?
3-4 yrs
35
How often is compact bone replaced?
10 yrs
36
How is bone remodeling homeostatic?
Bone deposit and resorption occurs
37
How is bone remodeling negative feedback?
In response to mechanical and gravitational forces, a negative feedback hormonal loop for Ca2+ homeostasis is activated
37
How does parathyroid hormone promote control of blood Ca2+?
Removes calcium from bone
38
How does calcitonin promote control of blood Ca2+?
Produced by parafollicular the cells in the thyroid, it temporarily lowers blood calcium
39
Explain the negative feedback hormonal loop for blood Ca2+
1. Controlled by PTH 2. Blood calcium levels drop 3. PTH releases stimulating osteoclasts to degrade bone matrix, releasing Ca2+ 4. Blood Ca2+ levels rise 4. PTH release ends
40
What is the importance of calcium?
1. Nerve impulse transmission | 2. Muscle contraction
41
How much calcium is in the body and blood?
1200-1400g; 9-11mg/dL
42
What is the neuromuscular problem when calcium levels are too low?
Hyperexicitability
43
What is the neuromuscular problem when calcium levels are too high?
Nonresponsiveness
44
What is hypercalcemia?
When high blood calcium deposits calcium salt in blood vessels and kidneys
45
What are the hormones that promote blood Ca2+ levels?
1. PTH | 2. Calcitonin
46
What are the hormones that affect bone density?
1. Leptin | 2. Serotonin
47
What is leptin?
Released by adipose tissue inhibiting osteoblasts
48
What is serotonin?
Neurotransmitter that regulates mood and sleep, secreted after eating and interferes with osteoblast activity
49
What happens when a bone is poorly mineralized creating soft, weak bones and pain upon bearing weight?
Osteomalacia
50
What disease causes bowed legs due to vitamin D deficiency or insufficient calcium?
Rickets
51
What occurs when bone resorption outpaces deposit resulting in spongy or porous bone?
Osteoporosis
51
What occurs when bone resorption outpaces deposit resulting in spongy or porous bone?
Osteoporosis
52
What are common risk factors for osteoporosis?
Aged, postmenopausal women Petite body Smoking
53
What are some treatments of osteoporosis?
1. Calcium 2. Vitamin D supplements 3. Weight-bearing exercise 4. Hormone replacement therapy
54
What are come new drugs for osteoporosis?
1. Bisphosphonates 2. Selective estrogen receptor modulators 3. Statins 4. Denosumab
55
How does Bisphosphonates treat osteoporosis?
Decreases osteoclast activity and number
56
How does Statins treat osteoporosis?
Lowering cholesterol and increase bone mineral density
57
How does SERMS treat osteoporosis?
Mimic estrogen without targeting breast and uterus
58
How does Denosumab treat osteoporosis?
Improves bone density and provides monoclonal antibodies
59
What causes Paget's disease?
The excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption
60
What are some treatments of Paget's?
1. Calcitonin | 2. Biphosphonates

Physiology (22 decks)

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