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Psychology > Ch 3 - Human Development > Flashcards

Ch 3 - Human Development Flashcards

1
Q

The study of the normal changes in behaviour that occur across the lifespan.

A

What is developmental psychology?

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2
Q

The transmission of physical and psychological characteristics from parents to offspring through genes.

A

What is heredity (“nature”)?

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3
Q

A molecular structure that contains coded genetic information.

A

What is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)?

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4
Q

Rodlike structures in the cell nucleus that house an individual’s genes.

A

What are chromosomes?

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5
Q

Areas on a strand of DNA that carry hereditary information.

A

What are genes?

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6
Q

Problems caused by defects in the genes or by inherited characteristics.

A

What are genetic disorders?

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7
Q

A gene whose influence will be expressed each time that the gene is present.

A

What is a dominant gene?

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8
Q

A gene whose influence will be expressed only when it is paired with a second recessive gene of the same type.

A

What is a recessive gene?

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9
Q

Personal traits or physical properties that are influenced by many genes working in combination.

A

What are polygenic characteristics?

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10
Q

The sum of all external conditions affecting development, including especially the effects of learning.

A

What is environment (“nurture”)?

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11
Q

A harmful substance that can cause birth defects.

A

What is teratogen?

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12
Q

Defects that originate during prenatal development in the womb.

A

What are congenital problems?

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13
Q

A collection of conditions occurring in children whose mothers consumed alcohol during pregnancy.

A

What is fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)?

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14
Q

During development, a period of increased sensitivity to environmental influences. It also is a time during which certain events must take place for normal development to occur.

A

What is the sensitive period?

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15
Q

In development, the loss or withholding of normal stimulation, nutrition, comfort, love, and so forth; a condition of absence.

A

What is deprivation?

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16
Q

In development, deliberately making an environment more stimulating, nutritional, comforting, loving, and so forth.

A

What is enrichment?

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17
Q

The study of changes in organisms that are caused by modifications to gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code itself.

A

What is epigenetics?

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18
Q

The physical growth and development of the body, brain, and nervous system.

A

What is maturation?

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19
Q

Biologically defined period during which a person matures sexually and becomes capable of reproduction.

A

What is puberty?

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20
Q

The culturally defined period between childhood and adulthood.

A

What is adolescence?

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21
Q

Area of psychology concerned with changes in emotions and social relationships.

A

What is socioemotional development?

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22
Q

Smiling elicited by a social stimulus, such as seeing a parent’s face.

A

What is a social smile?

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23
Q

A conflict between personal impulses and the social world.

A

What is a psychosocial dilemma?

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24
Q

Emotional needs for care, love, and positive relationships with others.

A

What are affectional needs?

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25
Q

A substitute mother (in animal research, often an inanimate object or a dummy).

A

What is a surrogate mother?

26
Q

A pleasant and reassuring feeling that human and animal infants get from touching or clinging to something soft and warm, usually their mothers.

A

What is contact comfort?

27
Q

Distress displayed by infants when they are separated from their parents or principal caregivers.

A

What is separation anxiety?

28
Q

General pattern of attention, arousal, and mood that is evident from birth.

A

What is temperament?

29
Q

Emotional bonding between an infant and its caregivers that results from infants’ feelings of security with the caregiver in times of stress or uncertainty.

A

What is attachment?

30
Q

A stable and positive emotional bond.

A

What is secure attachment?

31
Q

An anxious emotional bond marked by a tendency to avoid reunion with a parent or caregiver.

A

What is insecure-avoidant attachment?

32
Q

An anxious emotional bond marked by both a desire to be with a parent or caregiver and some resistance to being reunited.

A

What is insecure-ambivalent attachment?

33
Q

Identifiable patterns of parental caretaking and interaction with children.

A

What are parental styles?

34
Q

Parents who enforce rigid rules and demand strict obedience to authority.

A

What are authoritarian parents?

35
Q

The use of physical punishment or coercion to enforce child discipline.

A

What is power assertion?

36
Q

Withholding affection to enforce child discipline.

A

What is withdrawal of love?

37
Q

Regarding oneself as a worthwhile person; a positive evaluation of oneself.

A

What is self-esteem?

38
Q

Parents who give little guidance, allow too much freedom, or do not require the child to take responsibility.

A

What are permissive parents?

39
Q

Parents who supply firm and consistent guidance combined with love and affection.

A

What are authoritative parents?

40
Q

A socially accepted period of extended adolescence that is now quite common in Western and Westernized societies.

A

What is emerging adulthood?

41
Q

The resumed hereditary readiness of humans to learn certain skills, such as how to use language or a readiness to behave in particular ways.

A

What is a biological predisposition?

42
Q

In early language development, behaviours, such as touching, vocalizing, gazing, or smiling, that allow nonverbal interaction and turn-taking between parent and child.

A

What are signals?

43
Q

A pattern of speech used when talking to infants, marked by a higher-pitched voice; short, simple sentences; repetition; slower speech; and exaggerated voice inflections.

A

What is motherese (parentese)?

44
Q

A mental structure composed of an organized learned body of knowledge or skills about a particular topic, according to Piaget.

A

What is a schema?

45
Q

The application of established schema to new objects or problems, according to Piaget.

A

What is assimilation?

46
Q

Modification of an established schema to fit a new object or problem, according to Piaget.

A

What is accommodation (learning)?

47
Q

Piaget’s initial stage of development, when the infant’s mental activity is only sensory perception and motor skills.

A

What is the sensorimotor stage?

48
Q

Recognizing that physical things continue to exist, even when they are no longer visible.

A

What is object permanence?

49
Q

Piaget’s second stage of cognitive development, characterized by the use of symbols and illogical thought.

A

What is the preoperational stage?

50
Q

The mental ability to change the shape or form of a substance (such as clay or water) and to perceive that its volume remains the same.

A

What is transformation (Piagetian)?

51
Q

The belief that everyone sees exactly what you see in the physical world, or that they think about the world in the same way that you do.

A

What is egocentrism?

52
Q

The understanding that people have mental states, such as thoughts, beliefs, and intentions and that other people’s mental states can be different from one’s own.

A

What is theory of mind?

53
Q

Piaget’s third stage of cognitive development, characterized by logical thought.

A

What is the concrete operational stage?

54
Q

Piaget’s term for the awareness that physical quantities stay constant despite changes in shape or appearance.

A

What is conservation?

55
Q

Piaget’s fourth stage of cognitive development, characterized by the ability to engage in thinking that includes abstract, theoretical, and hypothetical ideas.

A

What is the formal operational stage?

56
Q

A term referring to the range of tasks that a child cannot yet master alone, but that she or he can accomplish with the guidance of a more capable partner.

A

What is the zone of proximal develeopment?

57
Q

The process of adjusting instruction so that it is responsive to a beginner’s behaviour and supports the beginner’s efforts to understand a problem or gain a mental skill.

A

What is scaffolding?

58
Q

The development of values that, along with appropriate emotions and cognitions, guide responsible behaviour.

A

What is moral development?

59
Q

Moral thinking based on the consequences of one’s choices and actions (punishment, reward, or an exchange of favours).

A

What is preconventional moral reasoning?

60
Q

Moral thinking based on a desire to please others or to follow accepted rules and values.

A

What is conventional moral reasoning?

61
Q

Moral thinking based on carefully examined and self-chosen moral principles.

A

What is postconventional moral reasoning?

Psychology (15 decks)

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