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Psychology > WINTER Chapter 12: Personality and Individual Differences > Flashcards

WINTER Chapter 12: Personality and Individual Differences Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a person’s unique and relatively stable pattern of thinking, emotion, and behaviour?

A

Personality

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2
Q

What is a general pattern of attention, arousal, and mood that is evidence from birth?

A

Temperament

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3
Q

What is the perception of one’s own personality traits?

A

Self-concept

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4
Q

What involves regarding oneself as a worthwhile person? It is a positive evaluation of oneself.

A

Self-esteem

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5
Q

What is a system of concepts, assumptions, ideas, and principles used to understand and explain personality?

A

Personality theory

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6
Q

What is the Freudian theory of personality that emphasizes unconscious forces and conflicts?

A

Psychoanalytic theory

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7
Q

What is the component of Freud’s personality theory containing primitve drives present at birth?

A

Id

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8
Q

What, according to Freud, is the id’s drive to avoid pain and seek what feels good?

A

Pleasure principle

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9
Q

What is the mind, mental life, and personality as a whole?

A

Psych

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10
Q

What, in Freudian theory, is the force, primarily pleasure oriented, that energized personality?

A

Libido

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11
Q

What is Freud’s name for the “life instincts?”

A

Eros

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12
Q

Wha is the death instinct postulated by Freud?

A

Thanatos

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13
Q

What, according to Freud, is the decision-making part of personality that operates on the reality principle?

A

Ego

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14
Q

What is the principle of delaying action (or pleasure) until it is appropriate?

A

Reality principle

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15
Q

What, according to Freud, is the part of personality that represents moral conscience?

A

Superego

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16
Q

What is the term describing the contents of the mind that are beyond awareness, especially impulses and desires?

A

Unconscious

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17
Q

What is the region of the mind that includes all mental contents that a person is aware of at any given moment?

A

Conscious

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18
Q

What is an area of the mind containing information that can be voluntarily brought to awareness?

A

Preconscious

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19
Q

How does Freud classify periods of development?

A

Psychosexual stages

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20
Q

What is any body area that produces pleasurable sensations?

A

Erogenous zone

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21
Q

What is a lasting conflict developed as a result of frustration or overindulgence?

A

Fixation

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22
Q

What, according to Alfred Adler, is the basic drive that propels us toward perfection?

A

Striving for superiority

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23
Q

What arises when feelings of inferiority become overwhelming? It is a negatie pattern characterized by a chronic lack of self-worth along with self-doubt.

A

Inferiority complex

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24
Q

What is a primary form of anxiety that arises from living in a hostile world?

A

Basic anxiety

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25
What is the "mask" or public self prsented to others?
Persona
26
What is a mental storehouse for an individual's unconscious thoughts?
Personal unconscious
27
What, according to Carl Jung, is a mental storehouse for unconscious ideas and images shared by all humans?
Collective unconscious
28
What, according to Carl Jung, is a universal idea, image, or pattern found in the collective unconscious?
Archetype
29
What is a name for any of the models of personality that emphasize learning and observable behaviour?
Behavioural personality theory
30
What is a deeply ingrained, learned pattern of behaviour?
Habit
31
What are external conditions that strongly influence behaviour?
Situational determinants
32
What is a theory that combines learning principles with cognitive processes, socialization, and modeling, to explain bheaviour, including personality?
Social learning theory
33
What is a situation as it is peceived and interpreted by an individual, not as it exists objectively?
Psychological situation
34
What is anticipation about the effect that a response will have, especially regarding reinforcement?
Expectancy
35
What is the belief in your capacity to produce a desired result?
Self-efficacy
36
What is the subjective value that a person attaches to a particular activity or reinforcer?
Reinforcement value
37
What is praising or rewarding oneself for having made a particular response (such as completing a school assignment)?
Self-reinforcement
38
What is praise, attention, approval, and/or affection from others?
Social reinforcement
39
What are patterns of behaviours regarded as "male" or "female" within a culture?
Gender roles
40
What is feeling emotionally connected to a person and seeing onself as like him or her?
Identification
41
What is an attempt to match one's own behaviour to another person's behaviour?
Imitation
42
What is an approach that focuses on human experience, problems, potentials, and ideals?
Humanism
43
What is the ability to freely make choices that are not controlled by genetics, learning, or unconcsious forces?
Free will
44
What are those traits, qualities, potentials, and behaviour patterns most characteristic of the human species?
Human nature
45
What is reality as it is perceived and interpreted, not as it exists objectively?
Subjective experience
46
What is the process of fully developing personal potentials?
Self-actualization
47
What is a person living in harmony with her or his deepest feelings, impulses, and intuitions?
Fully functioning person
48
What is a continuously evolving conception of one's personal identity?
Self
49
What is the total subjective perception of one's body and personality?
Self-image or self-concept
50
What is a state that exists when there is a descrepancy between one's experiences and self-image or between one's self-image and ideal self?
Incongruence
51
What is an idealized image of onself (ther person that one would like to be)?
Ideal self
52
What is a collection of thoughts, beliefs, feelings, and images concerning the person that one could become?
Possible selves
53
What are the internal standards used to judge the value of one's thoughts, actions, feelings, or experiences?
Conditions of worth
54
What is a complete, unqualified acceptance of another person as he or she is?
Unconditional positive regard
55
What is the term for thinking of oneself as a good, lovable, worthwhile person?
Positive self-regard
56
What is a stable quality that a person shows in most situations?
Personality trait
57
What is a "study of" (more like "term for") the variation that exists between people?
Individual differences
58
What is the influence that external settings or circumstances have on the expression of personality traits?
Trait-situation interaction
59
What are the core traits that characterize an individual personality?
Central traits
60
What are the traits that are inconsistent or relatively superficial?
Secondary traits
61
What are the basic underlying traits, or dimensions, of personality? Each one is reflected in a number of surface traits.
Source traits (factors)
62
What is a statistical technique used to correlate multiple measurements and identify general underlying factors?
Factor analysis
63
What is the theory where only a handful of characteristics account for most individual differences in personality?
Big Five personality traits
64
What are qualities of individuals that are not extreme enough to merit a psychiatric diagnosis?
Subclinical (traits)
65
What is a style of personality defined by a group of related traits?
Personality type
66
What is a face-to-face meeting held for the purpose of gaining information about an individual's personal history, personality traits, current psychological state, and so forth?
Interview (personality)
67
What is an interview in which conversation is informal and topics are taken up freely as they arise?
Unstructured interview
68
What is an interview that follows a prearranged plan, usually a series of planned questions?
Structured interview
69
What is the tendency to generalize a favourable or unfavourable particular impression to unrelated details of personality?
Halo effect
70
What is assessing behaviour through direct surveillance?
Direct observation
71
What is a list of personality traits or aspects of behaviours on which a person is rated?
Rating scale
72
What is the recording of the frequency of various behaviours?
Behavioural assessment
73
What is it when real-life conditions are simulated so that a person's reactions may be directly observed?
Situational test
74
What is a paper-and-pencil test consisting of questions that reveal aspects of personality?
Personality inventory
75
What is a test that gives the same score when different people take it?
Objective test
76
What term refers to the stability of test scores over time?
Reliability
77
What is the degree to which a test measures the trait that it was designed to?
Validity
78
What is a standard used to compare an individual's performance on a test with that of others?
Norm
79
What is a standardized test designed to identify problem areas of functioning in an individual's personality?
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
80
What are personality tests that use ambiguous or unstructured stimuli?
Projective tests
81
What is a projective test that consists of complex, irregular monochromatic shapes?
Rorschach Inkblot Test
82
What is a projective test consisting of 20 different scenes and life situations about which respondents make up stories?
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
83
What is the study of inherited behavioural traits and tendencies?
Behavioural genetics

Psychology (15 decks)

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