WINTER Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders

Question 1

What is a significant impairment in psychological functioning?

Answer 1

Mental disorder

Question 2

What is the scientific study of mental, emotional, and behavioural disorders? The term is also used to refer to maladaptive behaviour.

Answer 2

Psychopathology

Question 3

What is an abnormality defined on the basis of an extreme score on some dimension, such as IQ or anxiety?

Answer 3

Statistical abnormality

Question 4

What is a failure to conform to societal norms or the usual minimum standards for social conduct?

Answer 4

Social nonconformity

Question 5

What is behaviour arising from an underlying psychological or biological dysfunction that makes it difficult to adapt to the environment and meet the demands of day-to-day life?

Answer 5

Maladaptive (behaviour)

Question 6

What is the simultaneous presence in a person of two or more mental disorders?

Answer 6

Comorbid (in mental disorders)

Question 7

What is a legal term that refers to a mental inability to manage one’s affairs or to be aware of the consequences of one’s actions?

Answer 7

Insanity

Question 8

What are psychopathologies due to various forms of damage to the nervous system arising before adulthood?

Answer 8

Neurodevelopmental disorders

Question 9

What are psychopathologies due to various forms of damage to the nervous system not arising until adulthood?

Answer 9

Neurocognitive disorders

Question 10

What is an age-related condition characterized by memory loss, confusion, and increasing loss of mental abilities?

Answer 10

Alzheimer’s disease

Question 11

What is a psychological injury or shock, such as that caused by violence, abuse, neglect, separation, etc.

Answer 11

Psychological trauma

Question 12

What is a model that attributes mental illness to a combination of environmental stress and inherited susceptibility?

Answer 12

Stress-vulnerability (diathesis-stress) model

Question 13

What is withdrawal from reality marked by hallucinations and delusions, disturbed thoughts and emotions, and personality disorganization?

Answer 13

Psychosis

Question 14

What are severe mental disorders characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disturbed thought and/or speech, disturbed motor behavior, and/or retreat from reality?

Answer 14

Schizophrenia specturm and other psychotic disorders

Question 15

What is a perception with no basis in reality?

Answer 15

Hallucination

Question 16

What is a psychosis marked by severe delusions of grandeur, jealousy, persecution, or similar preoccupations?

Answer 16

Delusional disorder

Question 17

What is a strongly held thought or belief that is at odds with reality?

Answer 17

Delusion

Question 18

What is a delusional disorder centred especially on delusions of persecution?

Answer 18

Paranoid psychosis

Question 19

What is a severe disorder characterized by disturbances in thought, perceptions, emotions, and behaviour?

Answer 19

Schizophrenia

Question 20

What is a symptom marked by a preoccupation with delusions related to a single theme, especially grandeur or persecution?

Answer 20

Paranoia

Question 21

What is a disorder marked by stupor, rigidity, unresponsiveness, posturing, mutism, and sometimes agitated, purposeless behaviour?

Answer 21

Catatonia

Question 22

What is a class of disorders marked by chronic feelings of sadness and despondency?

Answer 22

Depressive disorders

Question 23

What is moderate depression that persists for two years or more?

Answer 23

Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)

Question 24

What is a mood disorder in which the person has suffered one or more intense episodes of depression?

Answer 24

Major depressive disorder

Question 25

What is depression that occurs only during fall and winter? It is presumably related to decreased exposure to sunlight.

Answer 25

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

Question 26

What is a treatment for SAD that involves exposure to bright, full-spectrum light?

Answer 26

Phototherapy

Question 27

What are mood disorders characterized by alternating periods of mania and depression?

Answer 27

Bipolar and related disorders

Question 28

What is a period of abnormally excessive energy and elation?

Answer 28

Manic episode

Question 29

What is moderate manic and depressive behaviour that persists for two years or more?

Answer 29

Cyclothymic disorder

Question 30

What is a modd disorder in which a person has episodes of mania (escited, hyperactive, energetic, or grandiose behaviour) and also periods of deep depression?

Answer 30

Bipolar I disorder

Question 31

What is a mood disorder in which a person is mostly depressed (sad, despondent, guilt-ridden) but also has had one or more episodes of mild mania (hypomania)?

Answer 31

Bipolar II disorder

Question 32

What is a mild to moderately severe depression that begins within three months following childbirth?

Answer 32

Postpartum depression

Question 33

What are long-standing, inflexible ways of behaving that create a variety of problems?

Answer 33

Personality disorders

Question 34

What do you call an unusual remorselessness, lack of empathy, or disregard for social conventions?

Answer 34

Antisocial personality disorder

Question 35

What is a class of disorders marked by feelings of excessive apprehension and worry?

Answer 35

Anxiety disorders

Question 36

What is a psychological disorder characterized by nearly constant, exaggerated worries?

Answer 36

Generalized anxiety disorder

Question 37

What is a chronic state of anxiety, with brief moments of sudden, intense, unexpected panic?

Answer 37

Panic disorder

Question 38

What is a persistent, excessive, and unrealistic fear that is triggered by specific objects or people?

Answer 38

Phobia

Question 39

What is the fear that something extremely embarrassing will happen if one leaves the house or enters an unfamiliar situation? It is an excessive, irrational fear of being in public spaces.

Answer 39

Agoraphobia

Question 40

What is an intense, irrational fear of being observed, evaluated, embarrassed, or humiliated by others in social situations?

Answer 40

Social anxiety disorder

Question 41

What is a persistent fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation?

Answer 41

Specific phobia

Question 42

What explains the self-defeating nature of avoidance responses as a result of the reinforcing effects of relief from anxiety?

Answer 42

Anxiety reduction hypothesis

Question 43

What are extreme preoccupations with certain thoughts and compulsive performance of certain behaviours?

Answer 43

Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders

Question 44

What is an extreme preoccupation with certain thoughts and compulsive performance of certain behaviours?

Answer 44

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Question 45

What is excessively collecting various things?

Answer 45

Hoarding disorder

Question 46

What are behaviour patterns brought on by traumatic stresses?

Answer 46

Trauma- and stressor-related disorders

Question 47

What is an emotional disturbance caused by ongoing stressors within the range of common experience?

Answer 47

Adjustment disorder

Question 48

What is a psychological disturbance lasting up to one month following stresses that would produce anxiety in anyone who experienced them?

Answer 48

Acute stress disorder

Question 49

What is a pattern of unwanted memories, nightmares, and flashbacks following a traumatic event for more than a month?

Answer 49

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Question 50

What is a class of psychological disorders involving disintegration of consciousness, memory, or self-identity?

Answer 50

Dissociative disorders

Question 51

What is a loss of memory (partial or complete) for important information related to personal identity?

Answer 51

Dissociative amnesia

Question 52

What is a sudden travel away from home, plus confusion about one's personal identity?

Answer 52

Dissociative fugue

Question 53

What is the presence of two or more distinct personalities (multiple personality)?

Answer 53

Dissociative identity disorder

Question 54

What are physical symptoms that mimic disease or injury (e.g. paralysis, blindness, illness, or chronic pain) for which there is no identifiable physical cause?

Answer 54

Somatic symptom and related disorders

Question 55

What is exhibiting the characteristics of a disease or injury without an identifiable physical cause?

Answer 55

Somatic symptom disorder

Question 56

What is it when a person fakes his or her medical problems or those of someone in his or her care to gain attention?

Answer 56

Factitious disorder (Munchausen syndrome)

Question 57

What is a bodily symptom that mimics a physical disability but is actually caused by anxiety or emotional distress?

Answer 57

Conversion disorder