WINTER Chapter 16: Social Thinking and Social Influence

Question 1

What is the study of how individuals think and behave in social situations?

Answer 1

Social psychology

Question 2

What is an ongoing pattern of life, characterizing a society at a given point in history?

Answer 2

Culture

Question 3

What is a group with which a person identifies?

Answer 3

Ingroup

Question 4

What is a group with which a person does not identify?

Answer 4

Outgroup

Question 5

What is the network of roles, communication pathways, and power in a group?

Answer 5

Group structure

Question 6

What is the degree of attraction among group members or their commitment to remaining in the group?

Answer 6

Group cohesiveness

Question 7

What is a widely accepted (but often unspoken) standard of conduct for appropriate behaviour?

Answer 7

Norm

Question 8

What is an expected behaviour pattern associated with a particular social position (such as daughter, worker, or student)?

Answer 8

Social role

Question 9

What is the term for trying to occupy two or more roles that make confliciting demands on behaviour?

Answer 9

Role conflict

Question 10

What is the degree of prestige, admiration , and respect accorded to a member of a group?

Answer 10

Social status

Question 11

What is the degree to which a group member can control, alter, or influence the behaviour of another group member?

Answer 11

Social power

Question 12

What is the process of thinking about ourselves and others in a social context?

Answer 12

Social cognition

Question 13

What is the term for making judgements about ourselves through comparison with others?

Answer 13

Social comparison

Question 14

What is comparing yourself with a person who ranks lower than you on some dimension?

Answer 14

Downward comparison

Question 15

What is comparing yourself with a person who ranks higher than you on some dimension?

Answer 15

Upward comparison

Question 16

What is the act of assigning cause to behaviour?

Answer 16

Attribution

Question 17

What are unstated expectations that define desirable or appropriate behaviour in various settings and social situations?

Answer 17

Situational demands

Question 18

What is the tendency to attribute behaviour to internal causes without regard to stiuational influences?

Answer 18

Fundamental attribution error

Question 19

What is the tendency to attribute the behaviour of others to internal causes while attributing one’s own behaviour to external causes (situations and circumstances)?

Answer 19

Actor-observer bias

Question 20

What is arranging to perform under conditions that usually impair performance, so as to have an excuse for a poor showing?

Answer 20

Self-handicapping

Question 21

What is a positive or negative perception of people, objects, or issues?

Answer 21

Attitude

Question 22

What is an interview in which persons are allowed to freely state their views?

Answer 22

Open-ended interview

Question 23

What is a rating of the degree to which a person would be willing to have contact with a member of another group?

Answer 23

Social distance scale

Question 24

What is a collection of attitudinal statements with which respondents indicate agreement or disagreement?

Answer 24

Attitude scale

Question 25

What is any group that an individual uses as a standard for social comparison?

Answer 25

Reference group

Question 26

What is a psychological state of having related ideas or perceptions that are inconsistent?

Answer 26

Cognitive dissonance

Question 27

What is it when changes in a person’s behaviour is induced by the presence or actions of others?

Answer 27

Social influence

Question 28

What is the tendency to perform better when in the presence of others?

Answer 28

Social facilitations

Question 29

What is the tendency to perform more poorly when in the presence of others?

Answer 29

Social interference

Question 30

What is the tendency for people to change their behaviour just because of the presence of other people?

Answer 30

Mere presence

Question 31

What is exerting less effort when performing a specific task with a group than when alone?

Answer 31

Social loafing

Question 32

What is matching behaviour and appearance to perceived social norms?

Answer 32

Conformity

Question 33

What are rewards and punishments (such as approval or disapproval) administered by groups to enforce conformity among members?

Answer 33

Group sanctions

Question 34

What is flawed decision-making in which a collection of individuals favours conformity over critical analysis?

Answer 34

Groupthink

Question 35

What is bending to the requests of a person who has little or no authority or other form of social power?

Answer 35

Compliance

Question 36

What is a deliberate attempt to change beliefs or behaviour with information and arguments?

Answer 36

Persuasion

Question 37

What is the tendency for a person who has first complied with a small request to be more likely later to fulfill a larger request?

Answer 37

Foot-in-the-door effect

Question 38

What is the tendency for a person who has refused a major request to subsequently be more likely to comply with a minor request?

Answer 38

Door-in-the-face effect

Question 39

What is a strategy in which commitment is gained first to reasonable or desirable terms, which are then made less reasonable or desirable?

Answer 39

Lowball technique

Question 40

What is compliance with a request from an authority figure?

Answer 40

Obedience

Question 41

What is being forced to change your beliefs or your behavior against your will?

Answer 41

Coercion

Question 42

What is the term for being engineered or forced attitude change involving a captive audience?

Answer 42

Brainwashing

Question 43

What is a group that professes great devotion to some person and follows that person almost without question? Group members are typically victimized by their leaders in various ways.

Answer 43

Cult

Question 44

What is a direct, honest expression of feelings and desires?

Answer 44

Self-assertion