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A&P I > Ch. 3 The Cellular Level of Organization > Flashcards

Ch. 3 The Cellular Level of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

What forms a pore through with a specific ion can flow to get across membrane?

A

Ion channel

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2
Q

transports a specific substance across membrane by undergoing a change in shape, aka transporters

A

Carrier Protein

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3
Q

recognizes specific ligand and alters cell’s function in some way

A

Receptor protein

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4
Q

Protein Catalyzes reaction inside or outside of the membrane (depending on which direction the active site faces)

A

Enzyme Protein

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5
Q

what makes the plasma membrane stronger at with less fluid at normal body temperature, and increases fluidity at low temperatures

A

Cholesterol

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6
Q

Composition of the lipid by layer?

A
  • Phospholipids 75%
  • Cholesterol 20%
  • Glycoprotein 5%
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7
Q

having non-polar and polar parts

A

Amphipathic

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8
Q

a specific molecule that binds to a receptor

A

Ligand

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9
Q

Protein that distinguishes your cells from anyone else’s

A

Cell Identity Marker

MHC Protein

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10
Q

Protein that are integral proteins

A
  • ion Channels
  • Carrier Proteins
  • Receptors
  • Enzymes
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11
Q

Proteins that are peripheral proteins

A
  • Cell Identity Markers
  • MHC
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12
Q

What is the reason for gradients being produced?

A

Selective Permeability

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13
Q

no energy required from cell to perform this transport, usually moves down gradient

A

Passive Transport

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14
Q

Cellular energy I used to drive the substance “uphill” of the gradient

A

Active Transport

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15
Q

Types of passive transports

A

Diffusion (Simple, Facilitated, Channel Mediated, Carrier Mediated )

Osmosis

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16
Q

Types of Active Transport

A

-

Primary Active

Secondary Active

Transport Vesicles

Endocytosis

Exocytosis

Transcytosis

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17
Q

A passive process in which substances move freely through the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane of cells without the help of transport proteins

A

Simple Diffusion

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18
Q

Integral membrane proteins are used to assist the movement into the cells

A

Facilitated Diffusion

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19
Q

Integral proteins that allow passage of small, inorganic ions that are too hydrophilic to go through membrane (K+, Na+)

A

Channel Mediated Facilitated Diffusion

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20
Q

Type of diffusion that a solute binds to a specific carrier on one side of the membrane and is released on the other side after the carrier undergoes a change in shape?

A

Carrier-Mediated Facilitated Diffusion

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21
Q

What moves from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration?

A

Water, this process is called Osmosis

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22
Q

Pressure that is exerted by liquid on its side of the membrane

A

Hydrostatic Pressure

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23
Q

Pressure that is proportional to the concentration of solutes that cannot cross the membrane

A

Osmotic Pressure

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24
Q

Solutions ability to change the volume of its cells by altering its water content

A

Tonicity

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25
causing a cell to shrink
Crenation
26
how many Na+ and K+ go in an out of the cell in the sodium-potassium pump?
3 - Na+ go out 2 - K+ go in
27
Cytosol has a higher concentration of Na+ or K+?
K+
28
where low concentration of sodium take place?
Inside the cell
29
where should low concentration of potassium take place
outside the cell
30
The energy stored in a NA+ or H+ concentration gradient is used to drive other substances across the membrane against their own concentration gradients
Secondary Active Transport
31
Transporters that move two substances in the same direction
Symporter Proteins
32
Transporting proteins that moves substances in opposite directions
Anitporter Protein
33
Describe the reasoning why Antiporters and Symporters work the way they do
A substance with steep concentration moves back into the cell, like Na+, with that in mind, kinetic energy is used by other substances to either move in the same direction of opposite direction
34
what are some examples that of secondary transport?
Na+ and glucose **&** Na+ and Amino Acid move into the cell Na+ moves in the cell and H+ moves out of the cell
35
Small Spherical Sac
Vesicles
36
True or False: Transport in vesicles requires energy?
True
37
a highly selective type of endocytosis by which cells take up specific ligands
Receptor Mediated Endocytosis
38
Cells engulfs large solid particles; worn out cells, bacteria, viruses. Usually known for cellular eating
Phagocytosis
39
Cellular drinking; droplets of extracellular fluid is taken in
Pinocytosis **aka** bulk-phase endocytosis
40
Materials that are moved out of the cell
Exocytosis
41
How do receptor-mediated endocytosis and phagocytosis differ from pinocytosis
Pinocytosis does not involve receptor proteins to initiate endocytosis
42
Cell Structure that synthesis protein
Ribosomes
43
Cell structure that contains ribosomes that gives it rough texture and produces protein synthesis
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
44
Cell structure with no ribosomes, synthesis lipids and steroids that makes up the cellular membrane
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
45
Cell structure the wraps protein in a sac and prepares them for secretion
Golgi apparatus
46
Cell structure that is the powerhouse of the cell- where ATP is generated
Mitochondria
47
Cell structure that is a digestive organelle, destroys bacteria and clean the cell from debris
Lysosomes
48
Cell structure that gives the cell its shape and organization to the cell during cell division
Centrosome
49
The control center of the cell
Nucleus
50
which are the cells that does not have a nucleus
RBCs
51
what components makes up the nucleus
Nucleoplasm & Nucleoli
52
Inside this structure are clusters of proteins (histones), DNA & RNA; and also produces ribosomes
Nucleoli
53
This structure is a long stand of DNA combined with proteins, 23 structures are from each parent
Chromosomes
54
What is mostly the cells function based around
Synthesizing Proteins
55
Refers to all of an organisms's proteins
Proteome
56
What are ways proteins functions for cells
* they assemble cell structures (membrane, cytoskeleton, organelles) * Hormones * Antibodies * Contractile units for muscles
57
Process by which genetic information encoded in DNA is coped onto a strand of RNA to direct protein systheis and **occurs in the nucleus**
Transcription
58
The process of reading the mRNA nucleotide sequence (codon) to determine the amino acid sequence of the newly formed protein and **occurs outside of the nucleus**
Translation
59
What is somatic Cell Division
* Any cell in the body, other than a germ cell (sperm or oocyte) * Duplication of all 46 chromosomes * Mitosis
60
Reproductive Cell Division
* Production of germ cells (sperm or oocyte) * Meiosis
61
what are sperm and oocytes otherwise known as
Gamates
62
The stage of mitosis that DNA is replicated in the nucleus
Interphase
63
The stage of mitosis that is the beginning of duplication - chromatids are formed
Prophase
64
The stage of mitosis that chromatids align along the microtubules
Metaphase
65
The stage of mitosis that each chromatid is sperated (chromosomes) and moved to opposite poles of the cell
Anaphase
66
The stage of mitosis that outer membrane constricts and punches the cell in half creating two identical cells
Telophase

A&P I (13 decks)

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