ch 5-7 Flashcards
Get an A on second test (129 cards)
1
Q
Why do Metabolic Reactions happen?
A
To get energy
2
Q
How do a metabolic reaction happen?
A
Breaksdown bounds to get energy
3
Q
What is an autotroph?
A
self feeder, makes its own food.
4
Q
What is a hetertroph?
A
eats other things to get energy.
5
Q
What are the two kinds of autotrophs?
A
Photosynthetic, and chemosynthetic
6
Q
What is a photosynthetic autotroph?
A
Plants (use chloroplasts)
7
Q
What is a chemosynthetic autotroph?
A
Organisms that use a different molecule to make food.
8
Q
What is hevavore?
A
Eats all plants
9
Q
What is a canavore
A
All meat
10
Q
What is a oninivore
A
Eats plants and animals
11
Q
What are all organisms dependent on?
A
Plants
12
Q
Who discovered the electromagnetic spectrum or the prism of the colors?
A
Issac Newton
13
Q
Long waves equals…
A
Less Energry
14
Q
Short waves equals…
A
More Energy
15
Q
The Spectrum ranges from…
A
Heating to destructive
16
Q
Name the order of the electromagnetic spectrum in order from heat to drestructive…
A
Radio waves, microwave, infradred, (visble), UV, XRAYS, and gamma rays
17
Q
Where is the visble spectrum located
A
Between infrared and UV
18
Q
What is dependent upon by the visble spectrum?
A
Life
19
Q
Name the first reason life is dependent upon the visble spectrum
A
1.Organisms are made up of complicated, large molecules held together by hydrogen bonds. Radiation of slightly higher energy (level violet) break those bonds and disturb the structure and function of those molecules.
20
Q
Why is radiation dangerous?
A
Messes with cells
21
Q
Name the 2nd reason life is dependent upon the visble spectrum
A
Radiation longer than visble band are largely absorbed by water
22
Q
Name the thris reason life is dependent upon the visble spectrum
A
Only the radiation within the visble spectrum is cabable of exciting electrons to a higher energy level producing chemical and ultimately biological changes.
23
Q
What is the 1st step in the conversion of light energy to chemical energy?
A
The absorbition of light, done by pigmets
24
Q
Definition of a pigment
A
any substance that absorbs visible light.
25
How many types of chorophyllm and name them
3: A, B,C
26
Where are the three types of chorophyll found?
Chorloplasts during photosynthesis
27
What are carotenoids?
Pigments responsible for fall colors of our trees. Take some part in photosynthesis.
28
When do carotenoids start working?
when there are less daylight hours, less efficent cholophyll. Cartenoids start working.
29
What does Chorophyll create??
green leaves
30
What are the stacks inside the choroloplasts
grana
31
What is a part in the cholroplasts where part of photosynthesis occurs
thylakoid
32
What is the semifluid area where part of photosynthesis occurs
The Storma
33
What is the electron transport?
Passes energry a long, transports energy
34
Where does the light dependent reaction occur?
tlaylkoid
35
Where does the light independent reaction take place?
Storma
36
What is the indepednet light reaction?
The Calvin Benson cycle.
37
What equation uses water in the equation?
the light dependent equation
38
Explain photosynthesis in terms of the light dependent reaction
Sunlight comes, goes through photosystem 2, water molecules spilts (photolysis) becomes H1 H1,+ O. Energry goes down the electron transport and ends up in the photosystem 1.
39
What is photolysis?
when the water molecules splits in photosystem 2.Attaches hydrogens to NADPH+ H = NADPH (hyper entergetic)
40
What is the electron transport like?
the staris
41
What is the product of the light dependent reaction/
ATP, NADPH and through photolysis,oxygen.
42
What is the most the entergetic molecule
NADPH
43
What are you making in the Calvin Benson cycle
A glucose molecule
44
What is the beginning and ending molecule in the Calvin Benson cycle
RUBP
45
What is the most abundant protein on the plants and is involved in the Calvin Benson cylce?
Rubiso
46
What speeds up reactions?
Enezymes
47
How many times does the cycle go around to create a glucose molecules and why?
6 times because there are 6 carbons in a glucose molecule.
48
Look at picture of Calvin Benson cycle
I DID!!!
49
The color of light on the visble spectrum is dependent on
its wavelength
50
Light waves are composed of
photons
51
How are water and carbon dioxide converted to glucose?
Chloroplasts convert sunlight energy to glucose from carbon dioxide and water.
Light energy is captured in photosynthetic pigments and transferred to Photosystem II and photosystem I.
52
A photosystem consist of
200-400 chlorophyll and other pigment molecules
53
Reduction of carbon occurs in
the stroma
54
What is Photorespiration
= a series of chemical reactions that consume oxygen and release carbon dioxide. Yields no ATP
55
Name one of the photosynthesis formulas
H20+CO2 (Arrow sunlight)= Glucose+02
56
Name the other photosynthesis formula
Glucose (arrow 02) Co2+ H20+ATP
57
How are the two formulas of photosynthesis interconnected?
They are dependent on the by products, feed off each other use the by products of each other.
58
How does the photpsynthesis reaction start?
Sunlight shines down on the cholorplasts
59
What is the inside the tilykoid
Photosystem 1,2, Several hundred chorophyl and other pigment molecules, An antena complex, and a reaction center (special pair of chorophyll molecules)
60
Look at tilykoid picture
I DID
61
The orgin of all biologial processes
Sunlight
62
How does sunlight contribute to extra energry in the atomosphere?
Sunlight comes down on the cytoplasm, starts photosynthesis, creates food, food is eaten and broken down, causing extra energy to enter the atomosphere.
63
True or False there is a constant amount of energy
True
64
All systems have a tedency towards...
Disorder
65
Cell must.......... in order to remain organized
expend energy
66
Definition of entrophy
measure of disorder in a system
67
Sum of all lifes's processes
Metalbolism
68
Definition of metabolic pathways
An orderly sequence of reactions with specific enezymes acting at each step along the way.
69
Enezymes help speed up chemical reactions to make....
products
70
Name the two types of metabolic pathways
Biosynthetic (anabolic) and Catabolic (degredation)
71
Give an example of a biosynthetic (anabolic) pathway
A+B=AB
72
What happens during a biosynthetic (anabolic) pathway?
Smaller molecules form bonds to make bigger molecules.
73
Where do biosyntheic (anabolic) pathways occur?
Inside the cell
74
What happens during a catabolic (degredation) pathway?
Large molecules break down into smaller molecules and release energy.
75
Give an example of catabolic (degredation) pathways?
AB= A+B+e'
76
What part of the cell produces ATP, Houses all the energy of the cell?
Mitochondra
77
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine triphosphate
78
Name the three parts of an ATP molecule
Adenine, ribose, and PPP (three phosphates)
79
Look at picture of ATP molecules
I DID!!!
80
Explain how ATP is created
The beginning molecule is AMP (Adenosine monophosphate) in a flash it becomes ADP (2 phosophates) it becomes ATP by adding phosphates and it becomes higher energy) Enezymes come in to create these products.
81
What is the ATP equation
ADP+P
82
Look at inside of mitochondra
I did!
83
Explain how ATP breaks down
ATP= ADP+P+E'
84
Name the two forms of energy
Kinetic, Potential
85
Define Kinetic Energry
Law of motion, energy when you do something.
86
Define potential energy
Energy stored to do something (ready to do work)
87
What are cofactors or helper molecules?
Help transfer energy, energy carrier molecules
88
Name the 4 features of enezymes
Do not make anything happen that couldn't happen on its own (make it a million times faster catalyst)
2. They are not permately alterted or used up in a reaction
3. Works in both forward and reverse directions
4. Each enezyme is highly specfic about its substraight (molecule) Has fit into a certain shape.
89
What is the passive transport? (perfume)
No energy involved- movement of molecule concertration gradient. Higher to lower concentratrion, Speards out until it reaches an equilibruim
90
What is carrier facilitated diffusion?
No energy is used. Specific channels for things to move through. Plasma membranes protein channels allow things to pass.
91
Definiton of omsmosis
Water passing through the membrane.
92
Solute into water equals...
Less water
93
Explain an Isotonic solution
Same amount of solutes and the same amount of water outside and inside the eggs. (At equilibrium)
94
Explain a hypertonoic solution
More soutes dissolved, less water outside then inside the cell.
95
How would the cell make a hypertonic solution equal?
The cell would have to shrink.
96
Explain a hypotonic solution
Less water in the cell than outside the cell.
97
How would a cell make a hypotonic solution equal?
Water will try to get in the cell, cell will swell up and expand.
98
Why do plant cells want to be hyoptonic?
To make plants stand up through the turgor pressure on the vacolue to the membrane to the cell wall.
99
What is the active transport
Our muscles use ATP to moe agaisnt gradient concerentration. Use energy to get more energy.
100
What are control feedback mechanisms and why are they important?
When a cell is deprived of something and starts mass prouducing what it needs. When it hits is max point the feedback signals for it to stop Keeps things from overproducing,
101
What is the equation for celluar respiration specifically?
Glucose+02 - H20+C02+ATP
102
What is anaerobic respiration?
celluar respiration without oxygen
103
What is aerobic resipiration?
Cellular respiration with oxgen
104
What are the three stages to aerobic respiration?
1. Glycolysis, Kreb Cycle, and Electron transport
105
Where does glycolysis occur?
Cytosplasm
106
Where does the kreb cycle occur?
in the mitochondra
107
What is the purpose of the Kreb cycle?
defines the steps of cellular respiration?
108
Where does the electron transport occur?
Mitochondria
109
Why is glucose important?
The single most important sunstraight for converting food into energry.
110
The glucose molecule is the major source of food for organisms on this planet. How is this molecule utilized by the incredibly numerous and diverse organisms on earth?
Plants, animals and aerobic microbes use cellular respiration which allows the controlled utilization of the energy stored in organic compounds.
111
Explain the process of glucose entering glycolis in aerboic respiration
six carbons enter in, rearranged into two seperate molecules ccc and ccc. these two create a byprouct called NADH
112
What are prouducts called in gylcolysis
pryuvates
113
Again, what is the product of ccc and ccc at the of glycolis in aerobic respiration?
NADH
114
What does the Kreb cycle begin and end with?
oxalocetate
115
What do you end up with at the end of the Kreb cycle
8 NADPH, 2 FADH, 6 CO2, and a couple of ATPS repleced
116
True or False NADH is electrically charged and full of energy
TRUE
117
What is present at the electron transport?
ADP, P and O2
118
What has to be present in the electron transport?
02
119
What does NADH break down to?
NAD+H+e'
120
What does FADH break down to?
FAD+H+ e'
121
What do you get at the end of the electron transport?
34-38 ATP
122
Which type of cellular respiration is used most often by the cells?
Aerobic
123
When is anarobic respiration used?
When cell wants to try to produce more ATP
124
What does anarobic respiration depend on?
The pyruvates will become something based on the type of cell, what is in the cell or what the cell needs.
125
Name the two types of fermintation
Alcohol fermination, and lacate ferminintation
126
Explain alcohol fermintation
Goes through glycolsis the purvates become ethanol which prouduces a little ATP, and CO2.
127
Explain lacate fermentation
Makes lacatic acid, and little ATP
128
What is in inefficent way to make ATP?
Lacate fermintation
129
What organism is anarobic
Bacteria
