Chapters 8-12 Flashcards
To get A on the thrid bio test! (108 cards)
1
Q
Where is the genetic information stored in the cell?
A
The nucleus
2
Q
What are the proteins inside the nucleus called?
A
Histones
3
Q
What wraps around the histones until it can get inside the nucleus?
A
DNA
4
Q
What is the object in the middle of a chrosome?
A
Centromere
5
Q
How long are strands of DNA?
A
2 meters long
6
Q
How many chrosomes do humans have? How any pairs?
A
46 Chrosomomes, 23 pairs
7
Q
What do you homologous pairs have in common?
A
similar shape, size, and centrome placement
8
Q
What is asexual sexual reproduction?
A
Budding, comes off the body
9
Q
What is replaced in mitosis
A
somatic cells. and damaged body cells
10
Q
What are somatic cells?
A
Body cells
11
Q
What are the two sex cells?
A
Sperm and egg
12
Q
Why are sex cells called haploids?
A
Because they only have half of the gentic information.
13
Q
If something has its full compliment its called a …
A
diploid
14
Q
What is the rule for chrosomomal pairs?
A
2n
15
Q
Explain the cell cycle
A
G1, S, G2, and m
16
Q
What happens in g1 of the cell cycle?
A
Growth after the cell divdes
17
Q
What happens in S of the cell cycle?
A
DNA synthesis
18
Q
What happens in g2 of the cell cycle?
A
Growth
19
Q
What happens in m of the cell cycle?
A
cell division
20
Q
What happens between G1-S?
A
Interphase (makes copy of new DNA cell)
21
Q
What controls the cell cycle
A
external signals
22
Q
What can mutations cause?
A
tumors
23
Q
What are some cancer causing things we do every day?
A
- The stuff we breathe, 2. Clothes we wear, and 3. Food we eat.
24
Q
What are the three best know mutagentic cancer causing things?
A
- Radiation, 2. Organic Chemicals, 3. Certian viruses
25
Give an example of radiation
UV Radition, gas, x rays, and emissions from nuclear power plants.
26
Give an example of organic chemicals
herbacides, tobacco smoke, food carries chemicals, pestidcides
27
Name the stages of mitosis
1. Interphase, 2.Prophase, 3. Metaphase, 4. Anaphase, 5. Telpehase/ cytokenesis
28
What happens in interphase of mitosis?
Results in replicating the DNA, (Doubling it)
29
Define the centromere
pairs of chrosomomes attaching point
30
What happens in the prophase stage of mitosis?
Chrosomes are seen, centroles come to play, migrate to the polls north-south or east to west, nuclear enevelope disspeers.
31
What happens during the metaphase stage of mitosis?
centrioles produce spindle fibers attach at the cnetromere, chrosomes line up at center point. Centrioles have reached the polls.
32
What happens during Anaphase in mitosis?
Cenetrioles at the centromore begin pulling chrosomes apart pulling them towards the polls.
33
What happens during telephase/cytokeneis in mitosis?
Cytoplasm splits to create daughter cells, the two identical daughter cells have the orginial gentic information. They are chrosomomal compliments
34
Study the stages of mitosis to draw for test
Done!
35
What does the process of mesosis produce?
Produces sex cells
36
What does n stand for?
haploid
37
what is process of sperm and egg creating a zygote? or n+n = 2n?
fetizilation
38
What is mesisos responsible for?
Genetic diversity
39
What are the two steps that makes mesios create gentetic diversity?
1. Independent Assortment, 2. Crossing over
40
What is independent assortment
Chrosomes can pair together randomly
41
What is crossing over?
chrosommes cross, information shifts, information crosses over to the other chrosomome.
42
Where does crossing over occur?
propase 1 of mesios 1
43
What are the steps of mesisois 1?
Interphase, prophase I, metaphase I, Anaphase I, and telephase and cytokensis I
44
What happens in prophase I?
DNA replicates, crossing over occurs, centrioles going to the polls.nuclear envelope disspeers
45
Interphase 1?
Gentetic info doubles
46
Metaphase I?
Chrosomes stacked on top of each other, centrioles have reached the polls.
47
Anaphase I?
The chrosmomes pull towards the polls
48
Telephase I/ Cytokeneis?
cytoplasm splits, two daughter cells still have gentic compliment
49
What happens after telphase 1 and cytokensis?
Jumps right into mesosis II no interphase.
50
What happens in propase II
Nuclear envelope disspeers, centroles migrating the polls
51
Metaphase II?
Chrsomes stacked on top of another, centrioles at the polls
52
Anapahse II?
Chroromes pulls towards the polls
53
Telephase II/ Cytokensis?
cytoplasm splits creating 4 non idential daughter cells, not sperm or egg share half of the gentic information.
54
Study steps of mesiois I AND II
DONE!
55
What is important to note about mesosis II?
Two cells are going through the steps
56
Name the differences between mitosis and mesosis
In mitosis there is one nuclear divison, mesosis there is 2. 2. The result of mitoisis is two identical daughter cells, in mesois 4 non idential daughter cells. 3. In prophase 1 of mesois theres is paring of chrosmomes nad crossing over, and not in mitosis.
57
Who is the father of modern gentics and what did he do?
Gregory Mendall. Hyoptheisized plants, polinated plants. Proposed the principles of inheritance.
58
What are the 4 principles of inheritance?
1. inheritated traits are transmitted by genes which occur in pairs called alles.
2. Principle of dominace
3. Principle of segration
4. Principle of independent assortment
59
What are alles?
alternative forms of the same gene
60
Explain the principle of dominace
two alternative forms of the same gene, two different alles, are present in an individual. Usually only the domiant alles is expressed.
61
Give an example of homozygous domiant
BB
62
Give an example of heterzygous
Bb
63
Give an example of homozygous recessive
bb
64
Explain the principel of segreation
when gammetes form in mesois- the two alles of each gene which are homogolous chrosomes seperate or segrate from each other and each gammete recieves only one alle for each gene.
65
Explain the principle of independent assortment
When 2 or more traits are examined in a single cross. Each trait is inhertited without relation to the other traits.
66
Define a gene
basic unit of heredity. A region of DNA, on a chrosome.
67
Define locus
during human genome project- the exact location to find a specific gene on the chrosome.
68
Study one hybrid and dihybrid cross
ok!
69
What are the buildings blocks of DNA and RNA
DNA nucleo types
70
What are the three DNA nucleo types?
1. Sugar (ribose), 2. Phosphate, 3. Nitogenous base (ATCG)
71
What base goes with what in DNA?
A goes with T, C goes with G
72
Who discovered the doube helix of DNA?
Rosline Franklin
73
What three things did scientists agree that gentic material had to have?
1. DNA has to be stable enough so it can replicate. 2. Be able to store genetic information. 3. Had to be able to go through or have rare mutations which led to necessary for evoultuiona varability.
74
When does DNA replication occur?
During interphase
75
What are the three steps for replicating DNA?
1. Seperation. 2. Complimetary base pairing, 3. Joining.
76
Study how to replicate DNA
DONE!!!!
77
What speards the DNA apart?
replication fork
78
Where is DNA replication taking place?
In the nucleus
79
G and C have a...
triple bond
80
A and T have a...
double bond
81
What is semi conservative replication?
When one part of the orginal is kept, and one part is new. The old form is conserved.
82
What is the likeihood for errors?
1 in 10 billion, 3 errors
83
What is a genome?
all of the genes in a single haploid cells
84
What is the genotype?
TT, Tt, tt
85
What is the phenotype?
Tall, short
86
DNA creates...
RNA
87
RNA creates...
proteins
88
What are proteins made of?
A combination of 20 amino acids. All will be the same but one.
89
What are the two stages of protein synthesis?
1. Transcription. 2. Translation
90
Where does transcription occur?
In the nucleus
91
Where does translation occur?
cytoplasm
92
What are the differences between RNA and DNA?
1. RNA is a single strainded, DNA is a double helix. 2. DNA has AT, CG bases, RNA replaces t with u. 3. RNA has all of its oxgygens, DNA is lacking one at carbon #2
93
List the three types of RNA
1. rRNA. 2.tRNA. 3.mRNA
94
What is the function of rRNA?
produces ribosomes.
95
What is the function of mRNA?
uses information in the nucleus to make certian proteins, DNA unwinds, bases match up, area bubbles out. Mrna reads the infomration and matches it with the coressponding bases
96
What step of proteins syntheis does mRNA do and why?
mRNA transcribed the language of DNA, and made it RNA. Takes infomation out of nucleus to ribsomal compex.
97
Define a codon
every 3 letters in a message. Representive of a certain amino acid.
98
What RNA has codons?
mRNA
99
What carries the anticodons, and how many messages does it have?
tRNA,3
100
Define anticodon
bases that match up to the bases on the condon, Carries corresponding amino acid.
101
What step does tRNA use and why?
translation puts together the corresponding proteins.
102
What are the three steps of translation?
1. Initation
2. Elongation
3. Terminating
103
How many animno acids go into the ribsomal complex?
3
104
After 2 groups of amino acids enter the ribsomal complex, what is formed?
a petide bond
105
Why is it elongation?
after the petide bond is formed, it breaks away and another one files in elongating the protein.
106
What is a protein called?
a polypetide chain of amino acids.
107
What happens when the stop codon is read?
last bond breaks away, left with linear protein molecule and goes rough er.
108
Study last page of notes
OK!!!!
