Final Exam Flashcards
GET AN A on the final (107 cards)
1
Q
Name the first 4 general characteristcs of the animal kingdom
A
- Multicellular, eukaroyic organisms
- Hetertrophs
- Require oxygen for aerboic or celluar resperation
- Reproduce sexually, some asexually as well;
2
Q
Name the last three general characteristics of the animal kingdom
A
- Animal life cycles include a period of embroyic development.
- Motile at some point in their lives
- Animal cells do not have cell walls.
3
Q
Explain animal development
A
zygote to multicelled embryo, adult, adult tissues and organs
4
Q
Most scientists agree that organisms step from a single….
A
protist ancestor
5
Q
What are the two major groups of animals?
A
Invertabrae, and vertabrae
6
Q
How were the two types of animals created?
A
excess oxygen (increase in oxygen)
7
Q
Name the five basic features in animal evolution
A
- Symmety radical symmetry (identicial halves)
- No heads
- Simple sac like gut (one opening to take food in or out)
- Simple: tube and solid tissue mass
- No segmentation
8
Q
What is the complex form of symmetry?
A
Bilateral symmetry (cut vertically mirror images, different images)
9
Q
What is the complex version of no heads?
A
animals having heads
10
Q
What is the complex version of the sac like gut?
A
ora; and anal opening
11
Q
What is the complex form tube and solid tissue mass?
A
coelem (expanison of tube, surroundings tube protective layer protection from harm, allowed more things to happen)
12
Q
What is the complex form of no segementation?
A
segmentation, allowed for arms and legs.
13
Q
What are the major characteristics of the porifera phylum? (Sponges)
A
- Aquatic
- Asymmetricial= no symmetry all shapes
- No organs no true tissues
- Reproduce sexually or asexually
14
Q
What are the major characteristcs of cnidarai (hydras, jellyfish, annemies, and coral)
A
- Radical symmetry- aquatic
- Nematocysts (triggersm stingers that eject posion)
lavare swimming
15
Q
What are the major characteristics of playtyhelminthes? (flat worms, liver flutes, tape worms)
A
- 1st with Bilateral symmetry
2. 1st with heads (live in hosts)
16
Q
What are the major characteristics of nematoda (round worms, heartworms, hooks worms, pinworms)
A
- Most parasites
2, Sheer numbers, more than any other animal - Develop the psendocoelm
17
Q
What are the three reasons why development of the psendocolem was important?
A
- Space within a body cavity- organs more complex
- Fluid filled chamber protects and cushions organs
- Hydroskelton- more substance- more shapes protected
18
Q
What are the major characteristics of mollusca (clams, muscles, scallops, octopus, squid, landsnails, oysters)
A
- 1st to evolve colem around the heart only
19
Q
What are the characteristics of ammelida (segmented worms, earth worms, leeches)
A
- First to evolve segmentation
2. 1st to evolve true cellum around all organs
20
Q
What are the characteristics of arthropoda (ticks, insdects, crusacis, spiders)
A
- Largest phylum, most diverse
- Exoskeltons made up of chitin
- 1st to evolve appendiges (evolved because of segmentation)
21
Q
What are the characteritics of echinodermata? (sea star, sea cumcumbers)
A
- 1st to evolve an endoskelton
- Biradial symmetry
- Lost their heads
22
Q
What are the characteritcs of phtyum chordada (vertabrae animals?)
A
- Notochord
- Spinial chord or nerve
- Gill slits
- Mynomeres
- All have tails at some point in their life.
23
Q
What is the notochord?
A
a solid flexible rod that provides internal support, runs from midbrain to the tail.
24
Q
What is the spinal chord or nerve?
A
hollow tube of nerve tissue that runs the entire length of animal, enlarged at head ri the brain.
25
What are mynomeres?
forms muscle blocks because of segementation.
26
What are the major characteristics of fish?
1. 1st to develop hinged jaws
2. 1st to develop fussed vertabrae (full backbone)
3. 1st to evolve paired appendages
27
What are the two types of fish?
cartiagous (carilage a major portion, sharks, rays) and bony
28
What are the two types of bony fish?
lobe finned (both lungs and gills), ray finned (all other fishes)
29
What are the characteritics of the amphibians?(frogs, salmanders)
1. Front and hinds legs extend outward from the body if they have legs
2. Smooth moist skin
3. Eggs are in gelation mass
30
What are the characteristics of reptiles (snakes, turtles)
1. Dry, scaley skin
2. leathery eggs
3. legs extend down from their body
31
Which group gave rise to the dinos?
Reptiles
32
Snakes evolved from ...
lizzards
33
What are the major characteritics of birds?
1. Have feathers
2. Hard shelled eggs
3. 1st to homothermic (regulate own body temp.)
4. Bones are hollow and light weight.
34
What are the major characteristics of mamals?
1. Milk produced by mamory glands
2. Body hair or fur
3. Most are placental
(All homothermic)
35
What are the three types of mamals?
1. Monotremes
2. Marsupials
3. Placental
36
Describe monoremes (anteater)
lay leathery eggs, hatch supple (mature)
37
Describe marsupials (possums, kohalas, kangaroos)
bumblbee size immature remain in poch until fully developed
38
Describe placental mamals
nuturve connection between embryo and the mother;s uterine wall, complete development before they are born.
39
Define population
group of individuals of the same species occupying a particular place
40
Define community
in any given habitat the populations of all the species directly or indiretly assoicated with one another.
41
Define habitat
organim's home (niche) role in ecosystem.
42
What can affect communties?
weather, resources
43
Most interactions in an ecosystem are ...
indirect
44
Give an example of an indirect relationship in an ecosystem
Eagles don't eat meadow grasses, eat rabbitts, rabbits eat grasses, keeps rabbits in check.
45
Define commensalsim
one species benefits the other gets nothing
| ex: birds-trees
46
Define mutalsim
both species benefits
| ex: flowers and pollentors, ensures surivial to both
47
What is symbiosis
If you remove one species, the other dies
48
Define predation
one species benefits, other is consumed
49
Define parasitism
parasites, don't kill organims. Benefits parasites not good for host.
50
Preadtors evolve as prey evolves this is an example of...
co evolution
51
What are three types preadator/prey co evolutions and explain them
1. Coloration- camo
2. mimicany- mimics of other species
3. Competiion- competing over the same resources
52
What are the two types of succession?
1. Primary
| 2. Secondary
53
Explain primary succession
rock-lichens(algae+fungus)-build organic matter+soil-mosses, ferns- small grasses-flowering plants- taller grasses-scrubs-saplings-oak hickory- maple-becomes the forrest.
54
What is secondary succesion and how does it start?
Starts by a natural diaster, everything dissapeersm all that is left is soil, soil-mosses-ferms etc.
55
What is the climax community in primary sucession?
oak hickory, maple trees
56
What is the climax community in secondary succession
ferns etc.
57
Define species diversity or richness
total number of species found in a community or ecosystem
58
Define species introduction
species normally found in indigenious areas. alien species, not suppossed to be there.
59
What is the problem with species introduction?
competes with the native species- no preadotors over populates
60
What was the 1st species introduced?
lady bugs
61
Name the other species introduced that have been harmful
1. Waterhyson
2. Japenesse beatles
3. Starling (sparrow)
4. Dandellions
5. Wild roses
6. Zerba muscles.
62
Define autotroph
self feeder
63
Define herbivore
only eats plants
64
Define omnivore
eats both plants and animals
65
Give examples of decomposers
fungi, bacteria feed off other organism's waste
66
Define detritivore
feed on dead things (buzzers)
67
Define ecosystem
array of organisms and their physical enviroment all intereacting through a flow of energy and cycling of materials
68
What does it mean to have an open system?
not self sucifient
69
What are trophic levels
levels of who eats who
70
Give the trophic levels from top to bottom
top caranoviores
caranovires or ominovores
herbivores
plants
71
Define a food web or food chain
what does the organism eat throughout the day or throughout the week
72
Give an example of a food chain
grasses-grasshopper-spider-birds-snake-owl
73
What is the difference between a food web and a food chain?
Food web stipulates more things eat the grasses, or flowers or whatever else.
74
All organisms are involved in feeding or ...
competing for food
75
Define biogeochemical cycle
how minerals cycle and move
76
Define the water cycle
vital to all organisms, photosynthesis, move things throughout ecosystem. All water is evaporated- creates clouds-preciptation (no longer purifies the water)
77
Define transpiration
evaporation of water from plants, 90% water goes back into the clouds as water vapor.
78
Why is water important?
1. Water makes the bulk of organisms
2. Water acts as nature's cooling system
3. The universal solvent
4. Because of water and photosynthesis we have oxygen in the atmosphere
79
Explain the carbon cycle
Same as aerobic and anarobic respiration, plants take in CO2, produce biological compounds, eaten by a consumer, celluar respiration occurs, released back into the atomopshere (CO2)
80
What does the green house effect compare to?
a hot car
81
Why are bacteria essential to the nitrogen cycle?
bacteria essential,losumes (bean plants) have bacteria in their roots in nodules (nitrogen fixing bacteria)
82
Explain the steps of the nitrogen cycle and which step does not require bacteria
1. Nitrogen fixation- bacteria break it down to amonia compound
2. Nitrification (takes anomia makes it a nitrate compound)
3. NO BACTERIA Assimilation- use it, nitorgen can be made in biological compounds
4. Ammonification- change anomia back to a nitrate.
5. Denitrification- releases nitrogen back into the atmopshere
83
Define biomagnification
transfer and build up of harmful compounds through an ecosystem
84
What is DD and what is the problem with it?
Human made compound, builds up fat of organisms and reproductive areas of bald eagles and humans.
85
Define biosphere
the sum of total of places in which organisms live.
86
What do biospheres encompass? And waht are they called?
waters of the earth (hydrosphere), lower atmopshere (10 miles above earth) all rocks, soils and sediments (lithosphere)
87
What produces biopspheres and shapes them?
produced or caused by climates changes, lay of land, currentts shape biomes.
88
Define biome
a large, relitevely distinct, terzital reigon characterized by a particular cobination of climate, soil, plants and animals.
89
Describe the tundra
1. Most northern
2. Find permafrost (permately frozen ground)
3. Long harsh winters, short summers
4. Sun does not set for weeks
5. Cold, boggy, little preceptation dry area
Plants mosses:lichens Animals: snowy owls
90
Describe the taiga
Giant evergreen forrests (North America, Europe)
1. Acidic, numineral poor soil
2. Winters cold and severe
3. 20 inches of rain, some ares of permafrost remant of tundra.
91
Describe the temperate rain forest
Wshington State, Alaska, Cali
1. Richest wood producers
2. Most complex ecosystem
3. 80 to 150 inches of rain, dense to fog
Conifers, mosses, ferns
4. Epinhytric vegetation- lives up in trees
92
Describe the decidous forest
Our biome
1. 50 inches of rain
2. Rich top soil
3. Trees loses leaves and come back
4. Logged and forrested, few isolated areas left never been forrested.
93
Describe the temperate grassland (prarie)
Dry contental interior
| 1. Few trees, trees along waters and flowering plants
94
Describe chaparal
(Meterrian Sea, Chile, Austrailia)
1. Tickets of evergreens, shrubs, and small trees
2. Mild winters, extreamely dry summer
3. Thin soil, not very fertile
4. Natural fires occur frequently- fire adpative plants
95
Describe the desert
1. Very dry, 10 inches or less of rain
2. Widely extreme daily temperature
Cati plants
96
What is the world's largest desert?
Sahara, in north Africa
97
What is the world's dryst desert?
Atcama in Chile
98
Describe the savanna
tropical grasslands, widely spreard out tree
30 to 60 inches of rain
Dry season and rainy season
99
What is the largest savanna?
Serengti Plain, 1/3 of Africa
100
Describe the tropical rain forest
On eqautor
1. Lush epitorial rainfall
2. Humid
3. Soil is fertile in the top 2 inches
4. Species diversity and variety- still discovering species
101
What is the world's largest rainforest
Amazon River Basin, South America
102
Define a esturary
salt and fresh water mix, organisms: matees and plant life.
103
Explain intidal zones and what lies between it and the contiental shelf
exists between lands and waves, continetal shelf drops between intertidal zone and continetal shelf- most productive ecosystem on plant- where coroal reefs located.
104
Who wrote the orgin of species?
Charles Darwin
105
Name Darwin's 4 princepels
1. Members of population have heritable variations
2. The population produces more offspring than the resources of than a enviroment can support
3. The individuals that have favorable traits surive and reproduce ti a greater extent than those who lack those traits
4. Across generations, a larger prortion of the population possess the favorable traits and the the population becomes adapted to their enviroment.
106
What evidence do scientists use to study evolution
1. Fossil record- incomplete
2. Biogeography
3. Anatomic features/ Evidence (how bones structure is connected)
4. Monecullar Evidence
107
What are Hardy- Weinburg's principals for evolution not to occur?
1. No mutations (no changes)
2. No gene flow (no migration)
3. Random mating (do not mate with characteritics you like)
4. No gentic drift (drifting of traits)
5. No selection (wouldn't try for a better mate)
