Chapter 14-21 Flashcards
Get an A on test number 4 (141 cards)
1
Q
What classification system is being used in our bio class?
A
Linnaenean classification system
2
Q
All organisms have their own individual names, what are they called (latin term)
A
bionomial nomenclature
3
Q
What is the proper way to put the bionnomial nomennclature in papers?
A
underlined, or italized
4
Q
What are humans name in terms of bionomial nomenclature?
A
homo sapien
5
Q
What is bionomial nomenclature based on?
A
kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
6
Q
Why do we classify things?
A
to document what we have on the planet, to study living things
7
Q
Who studies bacteria?
A
Microbiogolosts
8
Q
Why are bacteria called ubiquitous organisms?
A
They are everywhere
9
Q
Where is the most of bacteria located?
A
Inside your body
10
Q
Why is antibacteria bad?
A
You need your body’s bacteria to balance out
11
Q
What are bacteria’s crucial role in our world?
A
decompose things, break them down, get rid of them.
12
Q
What are the three basic shapes of bacteria?
A
- Rod
- Round-Spheres
- Sprial
13
Q
What part of bacteria makes them so special?
A
Ridgid cell wall
14
Q
How was graham stain invented?
A
Physican treating two different paitents, noticed one person with a cut healed, but the same treatment did not work for the other person.
15
Q
What does graham stain do?
A
divides all bacteria to gram postive, or graham negative.
16
Q
What does graham stain help do?
A
Helps decide which antibotics to prescrbe
17
Q
How do bacteria reproduce?
A
Binary fission (exponetically)
18
Q
How do bacteria improve evolution?
A
give nourishment or energy, some are photosyntheitc, some aerobic( like air) or anarobic (no air)
19
Q
Why are the different types of bacteria symbiotic?
A
Both anaboric and aerobic have to be present, without them humans will die.
20
Q
What is an nitrogen air bond?
A
two nitrogens held together by a triple bond.
21
Q
True or False bacteria are hetrophic (feed on things and make their food)
A
True
22
Q
True or False some bacteria are pathogenic (or disease causing)
A
True
23
Q
What are enscores?
A
condence gentic information until conditions get them supported again
24
Q
True or False a gram of enscores can kill 15 million people
A
True
25
Name the two types of bacteria
1. Eubacteria (true)
| 2. Archaebacteria (more complex)
26
Name the three types of archabacteria
1. Thermoecidophiles
2. Halophiles
3. Methanogens
27
What are thermoecidophiles and where are they located in nature?
Like heat, live in volanic conditions, need heat to surive.
28
What are halophiles and where are they located?
Like extreme salt conditions, possibly an ocean.
29
What are methanogens and where are they located?
methane producers, found in swamps and near cattle
30
What are viruses?
considered non living- inter celluar parasites, cannot reproduce on their own.Non celluar, no metabolism, no response to stimuli.
31
Look at picture of basic structure of bacteria
I DID
32
True or False bacteria has both RNA and DNA located in it.(virus)
False has to be one or the other never both
33
How does a virus get into a cell?
It attaches to the cell, ejects nucleic material into cell, combines with the cell material- the cell automatically divides, causing the virus to replicate and create an infection that takes over.
34
What are two parts of a virus cell?
RNA or DNA, and outer protein coat
35
What are two retro viruses?
AIDS, HIV
36
What are virodes?
affect naked strands of RNA, die, don't if they don't grow well
37
What are pryons
made cow disease, emnend in spinal tissues of animal, live in there and the animal becomes messed up.
38
True or False antibotics cure virsuses
False, antiobotics have nothing to do with a virus
39
What are contavirsuses?
in mice poop
40
True or False viruses move from host to host don not do much movement on their own,
True
41
Are the 6 general characteristics of protis
1. Structually more complex than bacteria
2. Unicellular (single celled), filiments form filmentous. Some colonial (live in a clony together multicelluar
3. Photosynthetic, some hetrophic
4. Moltize to nonmotile
5. Species have sexual reproduction,and asexual reproduction
6. Aquatic orgaisms (most)
42
True or False most scientists believe that all animals evolve from a single protis ancestor
True
43
Name the basic of the water food chain
phytoplankton
44
What are the three groups of the protis?
Plant like, animal like and fungi
45
What group is algae in and why?
Plant like because it is photosynthetic
46
What groups is the euglena in and why?
Plant like because of its choloroplasts. It's flagella, its eye spot which orientates toward the sunlight.
47
What is uniquie about the euglena?
its hetertropic and makes its own food (can make it either plant or animal like)
48
What are dinoflagellats?
armor like cells, two flagella that go in opposite directions
49
What is responsible for red tide, and what is red tide?
Red tide is caused by dinoflagellats and red tide is neurotoxin, makes water look red.
50
What are dioaitomes
made up of cillia, ornate, glass looking
51
True or False algaes are multicellular
True
52
What are the three types of algaes? And what chorophylls do they contain?
1. Brown (a and c)
2. Red (a)
3. Green (a and b)
53
Which type algae gave rise to all land plants
Green
54
Which algae deals with the kelp forest that holds fast and attaches to the ocean floor?
Brown
55
What is the stem like part of the brown algae called?
stipe
56
What is the ladder in the brown alleges purpose?
the air keeps alleges a float.
57
What is special about red algae?
live in deeper waters, ornate-lacy looking. Stabilize creamy substances.
58
What makes protis be classified in the animal like category? Give an example
How they move, protozonans
59
Describe the paramecium, and what category is it in?
has cillia, fills in food- thats how it moves. Has large and small nucleus (Animal like)
60
Describe an ameba, and what catergory is it in?
Animal like, its plasma membrane extends into a false foot to pull them along. Has all the other things a cell has.
61
What is giardia and what group is it in?
Animal like, in drinking water (why you have to boil the water when camping)
62
What are sporazoans, and what group are they in?
animal like, doesn't move around, forms spores causes malaria. Toxoplasmosis- cat feces.
63
How does the fungus like group move?
Slimes things
64
How many major groups of fungi are there?
4
65
What are most fungi and what does this mean?
saprobes, major decomposers. Live off of dead or decaying matter, some parasites feed off of living things. Some cause diseases.
66
How many known fungi are there?
700,000
67
What are the 6 physical traits of Fungi?
1. Most are multicellular (can be unicellar)
2. Eukaryotic
3. Non motile spore producers
4. Not photosynthetic
5. Metobilize or eat a lot of different things: carbon based
6. Obtain nutriets by extra cellar digestion (enezymes)
68
How do you fungi use enezymes to obtain nutriets?
breaks sunstraight down and absorbs nutriets back into the cell
69
How is a common mushroom formed?
Spore lands somewhere, spore will produce a single celled hyphae, prouduces mycellium or mycellal mass underground. Its compacts and forms the fruiting body or the mushroom. Under the gills of mushrooms is where the spores form, (sexual reproduction) sends off spores.
70
Look up picture of mushroom formation
OK
71
When is mushroom reproduction,sexual or asexual?
When it starts over on its own- sexual
| When you pluck it off and grows back asexual
72
What do all mushrooms have in their cell walls?
cytoketin except water moles
73
What do mushrooms store in their cells?
glycogen
74
What is mycorrhizae
fungus, plant roots assoication (mutalistic) plants depend on it
75
What are lichens
allgae + fungi that live together, primary successors without it we would have grass.
76
What do lichens do?
Breaks down rock into soil
77
What are the four main groups of Fungi?
| And name some examples of each
1. Bread mold (bread mold, stawberry fuzz)
2. Cup Fungi (yeast)
3. Club fungi (toadstools, shtaki mushrooms)
4. Imperfect fungi (amantia)
78
Which group of fungi makes of lichens?
Cup fungi
79
True or False fungi can reproduce sexually
False
80
What is the most potent, cancer causing form of mold found on stored peanuts and grains?
aspergilus Sp-H.
81
What are the four main groups of land plants? Provide examples of each
1. Seedless non- vascular (mosses)
2. Seedless vascular (ferns)
3. Gymnosperms (evergreens)
4. Angiosperms (sunflower, grain)
82
What are plants divided into?
monocots and dicots
83
What the general characteristics of plants?
1. Multicelluar, photosynetic autotrophs
2. Chorophylls A and B
3. Make up of plants in areas called apical meristems (divided cell areas)
4. Plants have uniquie life history, alterations of generations
84
What are the two generations of plants and describe them
1. Sporopyte (biggest part)
| 2. Gametophyte (starts off biggest, makes gammetes)
85
What are the eight differences between monocots and dicots
1. Monocots have 1 seed leaf, dicots have 2 seed leafs
2. Monocots have three flower parts, dicots have 4 and 5 flower parts
3. Monocots have linear leaves, dicots have simple to compound leaves
4. Monocots have parallel venation, dicots have net venation
5. Monocots have vascular bundles, dicots have ringed vascular bundles
6. Monocots have primary growth (height), dicots have primary and secondary growth (height and width)
7. Monocots are herbaceous (soft), dicots are herbaceous and woody
8. Monocots have fiberous roots and dicots have tap roots.
86
What are two parts of a plant allowed them to live on land?
the cuticle and stomata
87
What is the cuticle
made by plant tissues, waxy substance water prof the plant.
88
What is the stomata
tiny openings on leaves, release the gases from photosynthetis, gas exchange.
89
Why are nonvascular plants still tied to water?
Need it for sperm to swim to egg, needs rain to reporduce.
90
Nonvascular plants do not have roots, what do they have that helps anchor them to the ground?
rhizoids
91
What are the different types of pollinators?
bees, humming birds, butterflies, and wind
92
What habitats do nonvascular plants like?
cold, dry
93
What is a part of the fern that are the underground stems, that are multicellar and have two roots?
rhizones
94
What are the spirial structures inside the fern?
fiddlehead, crozier
95
What are the reproduction structures in the fern?
Sori
96
What part do whisk ferns have?
eqilsetum (horse tails), silicia in cell walls, posinous to live stock.
97
What group of plants has a fully developed vascular system, and a naked seedplant, not protected by other tissues)
Seed Plants Gymnosperms
98
What is the male reproduction part?
pollen
99
What is the female reproduction part?
egg
100
Which plant category has a particular way to reproduce, has contributed to the evolution of flowers.
angiosperms
101
Which type of plant has protected seeds, that are protected by an ovary?
angiosperms
102
Define biogeography
geographic distrubution of species (plants and animals)
103
Why did plants evolve?
for reproduction
104
What is the reproductive part of the plant?
the flower
105
True or False evolution has brought diversity with flowers
True
106
Define co evolution
two organisms evolving stimantously
107
Name an example of co evolution
Bees tranfer pollen to ensure plant reproduction
| Yuka moths polinate yuka plants
108
True or False angiosperms produce a variety of seeds and fruits
True
109
What is responsible for height in plants
apical meristem
110
What is responsible for width
lateral moristems
111
What does it mean that plants cells are called totipotent?
Can be truely cloned, animal cells have to be messed with
112
What is photoperiodism
plant blooming in response to amount of day light and darkness
113
What are the three types of photoperiodism plants have?
1. Short day
2. Long day
3. Neutral day
114
What are short day plants and give an example
like less sunlight during fall/winter.
| ex: mums, witchhazel
115
What are long day plants and give an example
lots of sunshine, spring/summer
| ex: tulips, roses, trees
116
What are day neutral plants and give an example
don't care, bloom any time.
| ex: dandelions
117
What is the purpose of vascular tissues?
to get water and food
118
What are the two vascular tissues
1. xylim
| 2. pholoem
119
What is the purpose of xylim
transports water and dissolved minerals
120
What is the purpose of pholoem
dissolved nutriets
121
What are the three life spans of the plants?
1. annuals
2. perenials
3. biennial
122
Describe the annuals
plant seeds grow flower (fruit) and die in one growing season
ex :tomatoes
123
Describe the perenials
plants grow flowers, fruit comes back year after year
| ex:dayliilles
124
Describe biennials
plant seeds, grows up, matures one year, the second flowers, fruits then it dies, process continues with the seeds
ex: foxglove
125
Define a monoecious plant
has both male and female parts in the flower, or two seperate flowers
126
Define a dioecious plant
male and female plants, plant both in order for ferlization to occur.
127
What are general characteristics on the outside of plants?
sepoles, reciptical that holds flowers, petals on the outside and reproduction structures on the inside.
128
What are the male structures on the plant, and what does it consist of?
stamen, consist of filaments(holds it upright) and anther (produces pollen)
129
What does pollen consist of?
two sperm and one tube nuclecus
130
What is the female structure of the plant called and what does it consist of?
the pistill, made up of stigma (sticky top pollen sticks to it), style and ovary.
131
What is in the ovary?
egg or eggs, 2 polar nucleici
132
How does ferlization work in plants?
Pollen sticks to stigma, tube nucleus digests tube down to the ovary, sperms goes down, one sperm unites with egg creating a zygote which becomes a plant. Second sperm unites with polar nuclei making endosperm (nutritie tissue)
133
Why do anigosperms produe a zygote and endroperm?
food for reprouduction part of plant
134
Define ovules
go on the produce seeds
135
What do the tissues of the ovary produce?
fruit
136
What are the four categories of fruit?
1. multiple
2. aggregate
3, simple
4. Accessory
137
What are multiple fruits
lots of flowers, fuse together to form fruit
138
What are acessory fruits
simple fruits with acessory tissues
139
What are simple fruits
true berries, droup fruit, pepo, hesperidium, cirlus, grain and legums
140
What are aggregate fruits
lots of little flowers
141
Name the 12 plants between us and stravation
rice, wheat, corn, potatoe, sweet potatoe, cassava, sugar cane, sugar beet, common bean, soy bean, bannana, and palms
